AC Repair Near Me: Specialist Cooling System Remediation Can Enhance Your Home'S Comfort Quickly And Effectively

Common Air Conditioner Problems

Is your ac system suddenly sounding like a distant thunderstorm? Or possibly the cool breeze has turned into a faint whisper? These are traditional indications that your system needs some major a/c unit repair. Every summer season, countless property owners deal with concerns that freeze their convenience and increase their aggravation.

Here's a quick rundown of the most regular culprits behind an ailing air conditioner:

• Refrigerant Leaks-- When the coolant escapes, your air conditioner can't chill the air effectively.
• Unclean Filters-- A stopped up filter strangles airflow, triggering unequal cooling and greater energy bills.
• Frozen Coils-- Ever seen ice construct up on your unit? This often indicates obstructed airflow or low refrigerant levels.
• Thermostat Malfunctions-- In some cases, the problem isn't the air conditioner but the brain managing it.
• Electrical Failures-- Faulty wiring or worn parts can trigger abrupt shutdowns or unpredictable behavior.

Remember the last scorching day when your a/c provided up? It's not just annoying; it can turn your home into an oven. Envision a team stepping in quickly, identifying the glitch with precision, and restoring your sanctuary's chill in no time. That's the kind of air conditioning unit repair work service that transforms headaches into relief.

Could a flickering thermostat be the sneaky offender stealing your convenience? Or maybe a hidden electrical fault quietly undermining your system? Bold City Heating and Air deals with these difficulties head-on, guaranteeing your a/c unit hums smoothly and effectively. - Bold City Heating and Air

Why choose unpredictable cooling when an expert touch can bring consistent, revitalizing air back into your life? The science of a/c repair work isn't practically repairing devices-- it has to do with bring back peace of mind on the hottest days of the year.

Important Tools for Diagnosing and Repairing Air Conditioners

When an air conditioner unit sputters or suddenly stops cooling, the very first impulse may be to panic. The genuine secret lies in the accuracy instruments a professional wields to diagnose the root cause promptly. Ever question why some technicians seem to fix intricate problems in a breeze? It's everything about having the right tools-- from the simple to the extremely specialized

Secret Instruments in the Air Conditioning Repair Toolbox

• Manifold Gauge Set: Consider this as the professional's stethoscope. It determines pressure in the refrigerant lines, exposing leakages or clogs that invisible to the naked eye.
• Multimeter: Electrical power circulations are tricky; this tool checks out voltage, existing, and resistance, ensuring every electrical part is humming as it should.
• Leak Detector: Identifying even the smallest refrigerant leaks can save a system from premature failure. This tool seeks undetectable gas getting away from seals or coils.
• Fin Comb: Bent fins on the condenser coil can choke air flow. A simple fin comb straightens these blades, bring back performance without replacing parts.
• Vacuum Pump: Before charging refrigerant, the system often needs evacuation of air and moisture, a step critical for durability and efficiency.

Why Bold City Heating and Air Excels

Bold City Heating and Air understands the fragile dance between these tools and the complex equipment of your cooling system. They approach every repair work with a keen eye and a well-stocked toolbox. It's not just about fixing what's broken; it has to do with preventing future hiccups through expert diagnosis and accuracy.

Pro Tips from the Field

1. Constantly adjust your manifold determines before usage; a small mistake in pressure reading can cause misdiagnosis.
2. Don't ignore the value of a clean workplace-- dust and particles can toss off delicate electrical readings.
3. When managing refrigerant, safety is critical. Use gloves and safety glasses, and make sure appropriate ventilation.
4. Utilize a thermal imaging electronic camera to identify hotspots or cold areas in circuitry and coils that may not be visible otherwise.

Could there be a more remarkable blend of science and craft than the tools utilized in AC repair work? Each tool tells a story, and with Bold City Heating and Air, that story is constantly one of swift, effective options and renewed comfort.

Dissecting the Heart of Your Air Conditioning System

Ever wondered what truly takes place when your a/c repair work starts? It's not just about slapping on a new filter or completing refrigerant. The true art lies in a methodical, meticulous step-by-step repair work procedure that Bold City Heating and Air has mastered. They comprehend that each unit tells a story-- often a whisper of a defective capacitor, other times a shout from a blocked condenser coil.

Action 1: Diagnostic Deep Dive

The procedure begins with a thorough diagnostic that digs beneath surface area symptoms. Is the unit blowing warm air? Exists an uncommon sound, like a ghost in the machine? Strong City professionals use innovative tools to determine electrical currents, refrigerant levels, and air flow patterns. This isn't uncertainty-- it's precision.

Action 2: Identifying the Source

As soon as the diagnostic puzzle is total, the true culprit emerges (Bold City Heating and Air). Could it be a compressor resisting low refrigerant? Or a thermostat that's lost its marbles? Bold City Heating and Air excels in identifying the exact element causing the misstep, avoiding unneeded part replacements

Action 3: Tactical Repair Work Execution

1. Power down the system securely to avoid any shocks or damage.
2. Remove and check the faulty component-- whether it's a fan motor, capacitor, or evaporator coil.
3. Carry out precise repairs or replacements using OEM-equivalent parts.
4. Reassemble the system making sure all connections are tight and sealed.

Step 4: Rigorous Performance Testing

After repair work, the system goes through a battery of tests. Bold City Heating and Air doesn't just change it on; they measure temperature differentials and airflow rates to verify ideal energy efficiency. This action warranties your system will not simply run-- it'll glide through the sweltering days like a breeze.

Pro Tips from the Trenches

• Inspect the condenser coil frequently-- dust and particles can turn a cool machine into a sweatbox.
• Listen for humming or clicking sounds. These subtle signals typically precede larger failures.
• Keep an eye on your system's cycle duration; abnormally brief or long cycles may mean underlying problems.

Finding the Silent Stress: Why Preventive Upkeep Matters

Ever observed how an a/c unit can suddenly sputter and sigh, as if gasping for breath in the thick summertime heat? The truth is, a clogged up air filter or a neglected coil can silently stealth their way into your system, resulting in inefficient cooling and unexpected breakdowns. Bold City Heating and Air recognizes these subtle whispers of distress before they escalate into full-blown malfunctions, understanding that each avoided tune-up inches your system closer to failure.

Professional Tips to Keep Your Air Conditioning in Leading Forming

• Clean or Replace Filters Month-to-month: Dust and debris aren't just annoyances-- they choke air flow and force your compressor to overexert.
• Examine the Refrigerant Levels: Low refrigerant can turn your cooling dreams into a lukewarm problem, sapping energy and straining elements.
• Check Electrical Connections: Loose wires or rusty contacts might stimulate unforeseen interruptions or fire risks.
• Clear the Condensate Drain: Clogs here invite water damage and mold development, silently undermining your system's health.

Why Routine Tune-Ups Are a Game-Changer

Consider your air conditioning like a carefully tuned instrument. Without routine modifications, it falls out of harmony, creating discord in your house's comfort. Bold City Heating and Air dives deep, not simply skimming surfaces but diligently examining every nook-- from the evaporator coils to the blower motor. This proactive stance prevents the surprise of system failures during the most popular days, turning possible catastrophes into mere footnotes.

of consistent coolness. Bold City Heating and Air doesn't just repair-- they expect, adjusting their competence to the unique demands your system faces. Keep in mind, on the planet of a/c repair work, insight is your coolest ally. Specialist Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL Jacksonville, FL, is the largest city by land location in the contiguous United States and boasts a population that makes it a dynamic metropolitan center in

Northeast Florida. Understood for its comprehensive park system,

gorgeous Atlantic beaches, and a dynamic riverfront, Jacksonville offers a distinct blend of city and outdoor lifestyle. The city is also a center for commerce, culture, and sports, hosting numerous professional sports groups and many cultural festivals throughout the year. If you require help with a/c unit repair, they encourage you to reach out to Bold City Heating and Air for a complimentary consultation and specialist suggestions customized to your cooling needs.

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• San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its lush greenery and family-friendly atmosphere. The area features a combination of private residences and local parks, offering a serene suburban environment.
• E-Town: E-Town is a dynamic neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its varied community and historical significance. It features a blend of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that contribute to its unique character.

• Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens exhibits a wide collection of art covering various eras and cultures. Guests can also discover beautiful formal gardens with views of the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
• Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens showcases a diverse range of animals and flora from across the globe. It offers interesting exhibits, educational programs, and conservation initiatives for guests of all years. Jacksonville FL
• Museum of Science and History: This Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL features hands-on exhibits and a planetarium appropriate for all ages. Guests can discover science, history, and culture through interesting displays and informative programs.
• Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historic site that offers a glimpse into Florida's plantation history, encompassing the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can explore the grounds, including the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
• Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial celebrates the 16th-century French effort to create a colony in Florida. It offers displays and trails examining the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
• Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve safeguards one of the last unspoiled coastal marshes on the Atlantic Coast. It maintains the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
• Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a large, well-known water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It features impressive water features and lights, making it a well-liked attraction and gathering place.
• Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a vibrant week-to-week arts and crafts market beneath the Fuller Warren Bridge. It showcases local craftspeople, on-stage music, food sellers, and a stunning view of the St. Johns River.
• San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a lovely retail and dining area with a European-inspired atmosphere. It is renowned for its high-end boutiques, eateries, and the iconic fountain featuring lions. Jacksonville FL
• St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an high-end outdoor retail center in Jacksonville FL, featuring a blend of high-end stores, popular labels, and eateries. It's a premier spot for shopping, dining, and entertainment in Northeast Florida.
• Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District presents delightful early 20th-century architecture and boutique shops. It's a dynamic neighborhood known for its local restaurants and historic character. Jacksonville FL
• Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a gorgeous park in Jacksonville FL, home to a giant, centuries-old oak tree. The park provides a tranquil escape with trails and picturesque views of the St. Johns River.
• Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL offers pristine shores and diverse ecosystems. Guests can partake in things to do such as hiking, camping, and observing wildlife in this unspoiled coastal setting.
• Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, offers amazing coastal views and diverse ecosystems for nature enthusiasts. Discover the unique boneyard beach, hike scenic trails, and watch abundant wildlife in this beautiful wildlife sanctuary.
• Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, provides a stunning beach, forested paths, and a 60-acre freshwater lake for recreation. It's a well-known place for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
• Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardens offers a stunning ecological getaway with varied trails and specialty gardens. Visitors can discover a variety of plant life and relish serene outside recreation.
• Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre park that serves as a homage to the over 1,200 Floridians who lost their lives in World War I. The area features a sculpture, reflecting pool, and gardens, providing a place for remembrance and thought. Jacksonville FL
• Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's oldest park, a historical open square holding events, bazaars, and social get-togethers. It offers a green space in the center of downtown with art installations and a vibrant atmosphere.
• Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL provides a lovely riverfront location for gatherings and leisure. Featuring play areas, a music stage, and scenic vistas, it is a popular spot for residents and tourists as well.
• Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was originally named to pay tribute to rebel soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and repurposed as a place for community events and recreation.
• Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum and History Park safeguards and relays the one-of-a-kind history of Jacksonville's beaches. Discover exhibits on nearby life-saving, surfing, and original beach communities.
• Atlantic Beach: The city of Atlantic Beach features a delightful coastal community with stunning beaches and a relaxed atmosphere. Visitors can experience surfing, swimming, and discovering local shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
• Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach provides a classic Florida beach town experience with its sandy shores and relaxed vibe. People can enjoy surfing, swimming, and discovering nearby shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
• Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a vibrant shoreline city known for its grainy shores and surfing scene. It provides a blend of recreational activities, restaurants, and nightlife along the Atlantic Ocean.
• Huguenot Memorial Park: This park provides a stunning beachfront location with opportunities for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Guests can appreciate the natural charm of the area with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
• Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, provides picturesque paths and boardwalks through diverse ecosystems. Guests can relish walks in nature, birdwatching, and exploring the beauty of the shoreline area.
• Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL safeguards the dirt remains of a Civil War-era Southern fort. Guests can explore the historic location and discover about its meaning by way of informative exhibits.
• Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society protects the past of the Mandarin neighborhood within Jacksonville FL. Visitors can view exhibits and artifacts that highlight the location's unique past.
• Museum of Southern History: The Museum of Southern History presents relics and displays related to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Visitors are able to delve into a variety of topics, such as the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
• The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, offers guided foot tours to view saved big cats and other uncommon animals. It's a non-profit organization dedicated to providing a safe, caring, forever home for these animals.

1. Air Conditioning Installation: Correct installation of cooling systems ensures efficient and agreeable indoor climates. This crucial process guarantees optimal performance and longevity of climate control units.
2. Air Conditioner: Air Conditioners chill indoor spaces by extracting heat and humidity. Proper setup by certified technicians guarantees efficient performance and optimal climate control.
3. Hvac: Hvac systems adjust temperature and air quality. They are crucial for setting up environmental control answers in buildings.
4. Thermostat: A Thermostat is the primary component for adjusting temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to turn on and off, maintaining the preferred indoor environment.
5. Refrigerant: Refrigerant is vital for temperature control systems, extracting heat to produce cold air. Correct handling of refrigerants is essential during HVAC setup for effective and secure operation.
6. Compressor: The Compressor is the component of the cooling system, pumping refrigerant. This process is key for efficient temperature regulation in climate control systems.
7. Evaporator Coil: An Evaporator Coil absorbs heat from inside air, bringing it down. This component is critical for effective climate control system installation in buildings.
8. Condenser Coil: This Condenser Coil serves as an important component in cooling systems, releasing heat outside. It facilitates the heat exchange needed for effective indoor climate management.
9. Ductwork: Ductwork is vital for spreading treated air throughout a building. Correct duct layout and arrangement are critical for efficient climate regulation system location.
10. Ventilation: Effective Ventilation is essential for suitable airflow and indoor air quality. It has a critical role in assuring optimal performance and efficiency of climate control equipment.
11. Heat Pump: Heat pumps move heat, providing both heating and cooling. They are key components in modern climate control system setups, providing energy-efficient temperature regulation.
12. Split System: Split systems offer both heating and cooling through an indoor unit linked to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless answer for temperature control in specific rooms or areas.
13. Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems chill entire homes from a single, powerful unit. Correct installation of these systems is crucial for efficient and functional home chilling.
14. Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling effectiveness: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates better performance and lower energy consumption for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a good Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
15. Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressors alter refrigeration output to meet demand, boosting efficiency and comfort in climate control systems. This accurate modulation decreases energy waste and maintains uniform thermals in indoor environments.
16. Compressor Maintenance: Maintaining compressors ensures effective operation and longevity in cooling systems. Neglecting it can lead to expensive repairs or system breakdowns when setting up climate control.
17. Air Filter: Air Filter trap dirt and particles, ensuring pure air flow within HVAC systems. This improves system efficiency and indoor air quality during temperature regulation setup.
18. Installation Manual: The Installation Manual gives important direction for appropriately setting up a cooling system. It guarantees correct steps are followed for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
19. Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is critical for powering and regulating the parts of climate control systems. Suitable wiring assures secure and efficient functioning of the cooling and heating units.
20. Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit moves treated air within a space. This is a key component for HVAC systems, ensuring correct temperature regulation in structures.
21. Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit contains the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat outside. It's crucial for a complete climate control system installation, guaranteeing effective cooling inside.
22. Maintenance: Regular care ensures effective operation and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance averts failures and optimizes the performance of installed cooling systems.
23. Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is vital for lowering energy use and expenses when installing new climate control systems. Prioritizing effective equipment and proper setup minimizes environmental effect and increases long-term savings.
24. Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics explains how heat transfers and transforms energy, crucial for cooling system setup. Efficient climate control design relies on thermodynamic principles to optimize energy use during system location.
25. Building Codes: Building Codes ensure correct and secure HVAC system arrangement in buildings. They govern aspects like energy performance and air flow for climate control systems.
26. Load Calculation: Load calculations figures out the warming and chilling requirements of a room. It's essential for choosing appropriately dimensioned HVAC equipment for efficient environmental control.
27. Mini Split: Mini Split offer a ductless approach to temperature management, providing focused heating and cooling. The simple installation makes them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for temperature control is impractical.
28. Air Handler: An Air Handler circulates conditioned air around a building. It is a vital component for proper climate control system setup.
29. Insulation: Thermal protection is essential for maintaining efficient temperature control within a building. It minimizes heat transfer, lessening the workload on air conditioning and optimizing temperature setups.
30. Drainage System: Drainage systems clear condensate produced by air conditioning equipment. Adequate drainage stops water damage and ensures effective operation of HVAC setups.
31. Filter: Strainers are vital components that remove contaminants from the air throughout the installation of climate control systems. This ensures cleaner air circulation and safeguards the system's inner components.
32. Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems control indoor climate by regulating temperature, humidity, and air condition. Proper setup of these systems ensures economical and effective cooling and climate control within buildings.
33. Split System Air Conditioner: Split System Air Conditioner provide effective cooling and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design simplifies the procedure of setting up climate control in residences and businesses.
34. Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are skilled professionals who specialize in the setup of temperature regulation systems. They make certain of proper operation and effectiveness of these systems for ideal indoor comfort.
35. Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air substantially affects comfort and health, so HVAC system installation should emphasize filtration and ventilation. Appropriate system planning and setup is vital for improving air quality.
36. Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain eliminates water generated during the cooling process, stopping harm and keeping system efficiency. Correct drain assembly is crucial for successful climate control installation and long-term performance.
37. Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems precisely control refrigerant amount to different zones, offering customized cooling and heating. This technology is essential for establishing effective and flexible climate control in building environments.
38. Building Automation System: Building automation systems orchestrate and streamline the operation of HVAC equipment. This results in improved temperature regulation and energy efficiency in buildings.
39. Air Conditioning: HVAC systems adjust indoor temperature and atmosphere. Proper installation of these systems is crucial for optimized and effective Air Conditioning.
40. Temperature Control: Accurate temperature control is essential for effective climate control system installation. It ensures peak performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
41. Thermistor: Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors used in climate control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data assists to control system performance, guaranteeing peak performance and energy efficiency in ecological control setups.
42. Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are devices crucial for assuring proper HVAC system setup. They precisely measure temperature, enabling precise modifications and peak climate control performance.
43. Digital Thermostat: These devices accurately regulate temperature, improving HVAC system operation. They are crucial for establishing home climate regulation systems, guaranteeing effective and pleasant environments.
44. Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats improve HVAC systems by allowing customized temperature schedules. This results in improved energy efficiency and comfort in home cooling setups.
45. Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostats streamline house temperature management by understanding user desires and adjusting the temperature on their own. They play a vital role in today's HVAC system setups, improving energy efficiency and convenience.
46. Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, composed of two metals with different expansion rates, curves in reaction to temperature variations. This property is used in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and regulate heating or cooling operations.
47. Capillary Tube Thermostat: The Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely regulates temperature in cooling systems via remote sensing. This component is vital for maintaining desired climate control inside buildings.
48. Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve controls refrigerant stream into the evaporator, maintaining optimal cooling. This component is critical for effective operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
49. Setpoint: Setpoint is the target temperature a climate control system intends to achieve. It guides the system's operation during climate management setups to preserve preferred comfort degrees.
50. Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are crucial for regulating warming, ventilation, and air conditioning systems by tracking air temperature and assuring efficient climate control. Their data assists improve system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
51. Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop assists in controlling temperature throughout climate control system installation by constantly monitoring and adjusting settings. This guarantees optimal performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
52. Control System: Control Systems regulate temperature, humidity, and airflow in air conditioning setups. These systems assure optimal comfort and energy efficiency in climate-controlled environments.
53. Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is achieved when components attain the same temperature, essential for efficient climate control system setup. Proper equilibrium assures peak performance and energy savings in installed cooling systems.
54. Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how effectively materials transfer heat, affecting the cooling system configuration. Choosing materials with suitable thermal properties guarantees best performance of installed climate control systems.
55. Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat transfer, making sure of efficient cooling by lessening the workload on climate control systems. This boosts energy efficiency and preserves consistent temperatures in buildings.
56. On Off Control: On-Off Control keeps wanted temperatures by completely activating or turning off cooling systems. This simple way is important for controlling climate within buildings throughout environmental control system installation.
57. Pid Controller: PID controllers accurately control temps in HVAC systems. This makes sure effective temperature regulation during building temperature setup and functioning.
58. Evaporator: This Evaporator takes in heat from within a location, cooling the air. This is a critical part in climate control systems created for home comfort.
59. Condenser: This Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling equipment, rejecting heat removed from the indoor space to the external environment. Its proper setup is important for effective climate control system placement and performance.
60. Chlorofluorocarbon: CFCs have been previously widely used refrigerants which helped with cooling in numerous building systems. Their part has diminished because of environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
61. Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbons are coolants commonly used in cooling systems for structures and cars. Their correct handling is crucial during the establishment of climate control systems to prevent environmental damage and guarantee efficient operation.
62. Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons were once commonly used coolants in air conditioning systems for buildings. Their phase-out has caused the adoption of more environmentally friendly alternatives for new HVAC installations.
63. Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a specified period relative to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with less GWP is crucial when building climate control systems to lessen environmental impact.
64. Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental risks. Technicians servicing cooling systems must adhere to regulations to prevent further harm.
65. Phase Change: Phase Change of refrigerants are vital for effectively transferring heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles enable cooling by taking in heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
66. Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are crucial for successful climate control system establishment. Knowing conduction, convection, and radiation assures prime system performance and energy efficiency during the course of installing home cooling.
67. Refrigeration Cycle: The cooling process moves heat, allowing refrigeration in HVAC systems. Proper installation and maintenance ensure efficient operation and long life of these cooling options.
68. Environmental Protection Agency: EPA controls refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system servicing to safeguard the ozone layer and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling refrigeration equipment must be certified to guarantee correct refrigerant handling and stop environmental damage.
69. Leak Detection: Leak Detection guarantees the soundness of refrigerant pipes after climate control system installation. Identifying and addressing leaks is crucial for peak performance and ecological safety of newly setup climate control systems.
70. Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are essential tools for observing refrigerant levels during HVAC system installation. They assure best performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within defined ranges for proper cooling operation.
71. Expansion Valve: This Expansion Valve controls refrigerant stream in refrigeration systems, permitting efficient heat absorption. It is a vital component for maximum performance in environmental control setups.
72. Cooling Capacity: Cooling capacity determines how well a system can reduce the temperature of a space. Choosing the correct level is crucial for optimal performance in environmental control system placement.
73. Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of taking out and storing refrigerants during HVAC system setups. Correctly recovering refrigerants stops environmental damage and guarantees effective new cooling equipment placements.
74. Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling reclaims and recycles refrigerants, lessening environmental effects. This process is crucial when setting up climate control systems, ensuring responsible handling and avoiding ozone depletion.
75. Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) offer critical information on the safe handling and potential hazards of chemicals utilized in cooling system setup. Technicians use SDS data to defend themselves and avoid accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
76. Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids used in refrigeration systems to move heat. Their proper management is essential for efficient climate control setup and maintenance.
77. Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is crucial for chilling buildings, enabling efficient temperature regulation. It's a critical process in climate control system installation, facilitating the movement of heat to supply comfortable indoor environments.
78. Cooling Cycle: Cooling Cycle is the fundamental process of heat extraction, using refrigerant to absorb and release heat. This cycle is essential for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
79. Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors effectively compress refrigerant to power cooling systems. They are a key component for efficient temperature regulation in buildings.
80. Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating Compressors are crucial parts that squeeze refrigerant in refrigeration systems. They facilitate heat transfer , allowing efficient climate regulation within buildings .
81. Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are vital parts that raise refrigerant stress in big climate management systems. They effectively circulate refrigerant, enabling effective refrigeration and heating across large areas.
82. Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressor are a major component in cooling systems, using a spinning mechanism to compress refrigerant. Their effectiveness and compact size render them perfect for climate control setups in different applications.
83. Compressor Motor: The Compressor Motor serves as the main force behind the refrigeration process, circulating refrigerant. It is crucial for correct climate control system setup and function in buildings.
84. Compressor Oil: Compressor Oil oils and protects moving parts inside a systems' compressor, ensuring efficient refrigerant compression for proper climate regulation. It is crucial to choose the right type of oil during system installation to ensure longevity and peak performance of the cooling appliance.
85. Pressure Switch: The Pressure Switch observes refrigerant levels, making sure the system operates safely. It stops damage by turning off the cooling device if pressure drops outside the ok spectrum.
86. Compressor Relay: A Compressor Relay is an electrical switch that manages the compressor motor in cooling setups. It guarantees the compressor begins and ceases correctly, enabling effective temperature control within climate control systems.
87. Suction Line: A Suction Line, a key part in cooling systems, moves refrigerant vapor from the evaporator back the compressor. Appropriate sizing and insulation of the line are vital for efficient system operation during climate control installation.
88. Discharge Line: The Discharge Line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper sizing and installation of this Discharge Line are essential for ideal cooling system configuration.
89. Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling capability of a system for indoor temperature control. Selecting the right size ensures effective temperature control during climate control setup.
90. Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that must to be removed from a area to keep a preferred temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is crucial for proper HVAC system installation and sizing.
91. Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate perfectly after they are installed. It's crucial for maintaining effective climate control systems installed.
92. Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks reduce cooling effectiveness and can cause equipment malfunction. Fixing these leakages is critical for appropriate climate control system setup, ensuring optimal performance and durability.
93. Seer Rating: SEER score indicates an HVAC system's cooling efficiency, impacting long-term energy expenses. Elevated SEER values imply greater energy savings when establishing climate control.
94. Hspf Rating: HSPF rating shows the heating efficiency of heat pumps. Increased ratings mean better energy effectiveness during climate control installation.
95. Preventative Maintenance: Preventative servicing ensures HVAC systems function efficiently and reliably after setup. Regular maintenance reduces breakdowns and increases the lifespan of HVAC setups.
96. Airflow: Airflow guarantees efficient cooling and heating spread across a building. Correct Airflow is crucial for peak performance and comfort in climate control systems.
97. Electrical Components: Electrical Components are critical for energizing and controlling systems that regulate indoor temperature. They ensure proper functioning, safety, and efficiency in heating and cooling arrangements.
98. Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of adding the right amount of refrigerant to a cooling system. This ensures peak operation and effectiveness when installing climate control units.
99. System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process pinpoints possible problems before, while, and after HVAC system installation. It guarantees optimal operation and prevents upcoming troubles in HVAC setups.
100. Hvac System: HVAC systems govern heat, humidity, and air quality in structures. They are essential for establishing climate-control solutions in domestic and business spaces.
101. Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless systems offer focused temperature control without large ductwork. They make easier climate control setup in spaces that lack pre-existing duct systems.
102. Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone devices installed in windows to chill single rooms. They provide a direct method for localized temperature regulation within a structure.
103. Portable Air Conditioner: Portable AC units provide a flexible cooling option for spaces lacking central systems. They can also provide short-term temperature regulation during HVAC system configurations.
104. System Inspection: System check ensures proper setup of cooling systems by confirming part integrity and adherence to installation standards. This process ensures efficient operation and avoids future malfunctions in climate control systems.
105. Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures efficient heat transfer, crucial for peak system performance. This maintenance process is vital for proper installation of climate control systems.
106. Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is essential for reinstating chilling ability in air conditioning units. It assures peak operation and lifespan of recently installed climate control equipment.
107. Capacitor: Capacitors provide the needed energy increase to begin and operate motors within climate control systems. Their proper function guarantees efficient and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
108. Contactor: A Contactor serves as an electrical switch which controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to activate when necessary.
109. Blower Motor: This Blower Motor circulates air through the ductwork, allowing for efficient heating and cooling delivery within a building. It's a vital component for indoor climate control systems, ensuring consistent temperature and airflow.
110. Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of newly set-up climate control systems. Technicians must fix this issue to guarantee efficient and reliable cooling operation.
111. Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and fixes issues that arise during climate control system setup. Sound fixing ensures best system performance and stops later issues during building cooling appliance installation.
112. Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reclaims spent refrigerants. This procedure is crucial for eco-friendly HVAC system setup.
113. Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
114. Montreal Protocol: This Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting materials utilized in cooling systems. This change requires using alternative refrigerants in new climate control setups.
115. Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap heat, affecting the power efficiency and environmental impact of weather control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is crucial for eco-friendly climate control implementation.
116. Cfc: Chlorofluorocarbons were formerly essential refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings and vehicles. Their use has been discontinued due to their damaging impact on the ozone layer.
117. Hcfc: HCFCs were previously typical refrigerants used in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. They facilitated the process of establishing climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
118. Hfc: HFCs are commonly used refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings. Their appropriate handling is crucial during the establishment of these systems to reduce environmental impact.
119. Refrigerant Oil: Refrigerant oil oils the compressor in refrigeration units, ensuring seamless operation and a long lifespan. It's crucial for the correct function of climate control setups.
120. Phase-Out: Phase-Out is about the gradual removal of certain refrigerants with elevated global warming capacity. This affects the selection and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
121. Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's ability to heat the planet if discharged. Lower GWP refrigerants are increasingly favored in environmentally conscious HVAC system setups.
122. Odp: ODP refrigerants damage the ozone layer, affecting regulations for refrigeration system setup. Installers must use environmentally friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment installation.
123. Ashrae: Ashrae sets standards and guidelines for HVAC system setup. The standards guarantee effective and secure environmental control system application in structures.
124. Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems offer temperature and air quality regulation for indoor environments. They are critical for establishing cooling setups in buildings.
125. Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lower cooling system efficiency and may damage the environment. Correct procedures during climate control unit installation are essential to prevent these leaks and ensure optimal performance.
126. Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly influence decisions about upgrading to a new climate control system. Unexpected repair bills may encourage homeowners to put money in a complete home cooling setup for long-term savings.
127. Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation includes installing heating, air flow, and cooling systems. It's essential for allowing effective temperature regulation within buildings.
128. Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures effective operation and extends system life. Proper upkeep is crucial for seamless climate control system setups.
129. Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting identifies and resolves problems in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It ensures optimal performance during climate control unit installation and running.
130. Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems divide a building into individual areas for customized temperature regulation. This approach enhances well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC configuration.
131. Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are vital components for effective climate control systems. Their selection significantly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort applications.
132. Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, dictating how effectively the system cools a room for a given energy input. Optimizing this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
133. Compressor Overheating: Compressor Overheating can seriously damage the unit's core, resulting in system failure. Proper installation ensures sufficient airflow and refrigerant amounts, avoiding this issue in climate control system placements.
134. Compressor Failure: Compressor Failure stops the refrigeration process, demanding expert service during climate control system setups. A faulty compressor jeopardizes the entire system's performance and lifespan when incorporating it into a building.
135. Overload Protector: An protects the compressor motor from getting too hot during climate control system setup. It prevents harm by automatically disconnecting power when too much current or temperature is detected.
136. Fan Motor: Fan Motor circulate air across evaporator and condenser coils, a vital process for efficient climate control system installation. They aid heat transfer, ensuring peak cooling and heating operation within the designated space.
137. Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are essential components that join the indoor and outside units, moving refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their correct installation is key for efficient and productive climate control system installation.
138. Condensing Unit: A Condensing Unit is the outdoor part in a cooling system. It rejects heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature control.
139. Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is essential for cooling systems to effectively remove excess heat from a conditioned space. Proper Heat Rejection ensures efficient performance and longevity of climate control systems.
140. System Efficiency: System Efficiency is crucial for minimizing energy consumption and operational costs. Optimizing efficiency during climate control setup ensures long-term economy and environmental benefits.
141. Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the decrease in fluid pressure as it moves through a setup, impacting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly managing pressure decrease is vital for optimal performance and efficiency in environmental comfort systems.
142. Subcooling: Subcooling process guarantees best system operation by cooling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This action stops flash gas, increasing cooling capacity and efficiency throughout HVAC system installation.
143. Superheat: Superheat makes sure that only vapor refrigerant enters the compressor, preventing damage. It's crucial to determine superheat during HVAC system installation to optimize cooling performance and efficiency.
144. Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a system, vital for best cooling operation. Proper charging ensures efficient heat transfer and avoids damage during climate control installation.
145. Corrosion: Corrosion worsens metallic components, likely causing leakage and system malfunctions. Protecting against Corrosion is vital for keeping the efficiency and lifespan of climate control arrangements.
146. Fins: Blades increase the surface area of coils, increasing heat transfer efficiency. This is essential for optimal performance in HVAC system setups.
147. Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is crucial for refrigerant transport in climate control systems because of its long-lasting nature and efficient heat transfer. Its dependable connections ensure correct system function during establishment of temperature regulation units.
148. Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum piping is vital for conveying refrigerant in HVAC systems. Its light and rustproof properties render them ideal for linking internal and external units in HVAC setups.
149. Repair Costs: Sudden maintenance can significantly affect the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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boldcityac.com

boldcityac.com

+1 904-379-1648

6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

Identifies as veteran-owned

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

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An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

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"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

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Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

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When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

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