AC Repair: Discover Trusted Heating & Cooling System Repair Work Close To Your Area

Types of Heating And Cooling Repair Providers You Can Rely On

Ever wondered why your a/c unit suddenly stops blowing cold air on the hottest day of the year? Or why the heater seems to sputter more than warm your home when winter season bites? These recognize headaches for anybody looking for Hvac Repair work Near Me. The difficulties don't stop there: strange noises, changing temperature levels, or inefficient air flow can turn convenience into turmoil.

The Good News Is, Bold City Heating and Air takes on these concerns head-on, offering a spectrum of specialized repair services that transform pain into comfortable relief. Bold City Heating and Air. Here's a glimpse at the core services they master:

1. Air Conditioning Repair: From refrigerant leaks to compressor failures, every part is scrutinized and fixed to bring back cool air circulation.
2. Heating Unit Repair Work: Whether it's a malfunctioning thermostat or a broken furnace igniter, no cold night goes unaddressed.
3. Ductwork Repair work: Leaky ducts can waste energy and decrease indoor air quality. Fixing these hidden culprits is a video game changer.
4. Thermostat Calibration: Precision in temperature control ensures your system runs effectively, saving energy and money.
5. Emergency Situation Heating And Cooling Providers: When your system fails unexpectedly, prompt repairs minimize downtime and discomfort.

Envision walking into your home after a blistering day, greeted by a fresh, completely conditioned breeze. Or snuggling on a wintry night, positive your heating won't betray you. These aren't just dreams-- Bold City Heating and Air makes them reality with every repair.

Why go for less when the best heating and cooling repair near me can deal with whatever from minor glitches to significant breakdowns? Bold City Heating and Air does not simply fix systems-- they bring back comfort and comfort to your home.

Typical A/c Problems and Solutions

When your ac system sputters and stalls on the hottest day, it seems like deep space is playing a terrible joke. One of the most frequent perpetrators? A clogged up air filter. Dust, animal hair, and particles choke the airflow, forcing your system to work overtime and ultimately fail. Ever question why your energy costs suddenly spike? That's your HVAC system gasping under pressure.

Bold City Heating and Air understands the subtle indications that typically go unnoticed up until it's nearly far too late. A whisper of strange noises or a faint burning smell can signify internal issues that, if addressed swiftly, avoid costly replacements.

Leading Heating And Cooling Problems Decoded

• Refrigerant leakages-- Undetectable yet impactful, these leakages weaken cooling performance and can hurt the environment.
• Thermostat malfunctions-- Often the culprit isn't the system however the brain behind it, misreading temperature levels and sending out combined signals.
• Frozen coils-- Often an outcome of poor airflow or low refrigerant, these icy transgressors halt cooling altogether.

Specialist Tips to Keep Your System in Peak Forming

1. Change filters every 1-3 months; it's the most basic act with the greatest benefit.
2. Check condensate drains pipes for obstructions to avoid water damage and mold accumulation.
3. Seal duct leakages to enhance performance-- in some cases a few inches of tape save you hundreds.

Have you ever noticed your system biking on and off like a nervous heart beat? That brief cycling is a warning that Bold City Heating and Air quickly recognizes. Bold City Heating and Air. They dive deep, identifying with precision, ensuring your heating and cooling doesn't simply limp along but flourishes. Their method transforms anxiety into relief, turning technical headaches into cool convenience

Selecting a Trusted Heating And Cooling Repair Work Professional

When your air conditioner sputters out in the peak of summertime, or your heating system refuses to warm a cold night, you don't simply want any service technician-- you want someone who understands the heartbeat of your home's HVAC system. Not every professional has the flair for identifying the tricky offenders behind ineffective cooling or heating. Imagine calling someone who patches the issue temporarily, just to have the system fail again days later. Discouraging, ideal?

Bold City Heating and Air understands that dependability isn't simply about showing up; it's about revealing up ready. Their service technicians get here equipped with diagnostic tools that dive much deeper than surface area symptoms, recording the true essence of the malfunction. They do not simply change parts; they unwind the story your system is informing. Have you ever wondered why your energy costs increase inexplicably? Sometimes, it's a subtle refrigerant leak or a blocked filter that's simple to neglect but costly if overlooked.

Expert Tips for Finding an Experienced A/c Service Technician

• Certification and Licensing: Confirm qualifications-- skilled pros back their deal with acknowledged certifications.
• Transparent Price Quotes: Search for clear descriptions, not unclear quotes that evade the information.
• Diagnostic Method: Specialists utilize methodical checks-- no uncertainty, just precise problem-solving.
• Interaction Abilities: Can they describe repair work without lingo? That's a sign they appreciate your understanding.
• Parts Quality Awareness: They ought to focus on resilient elements, not quick repairs that fade quickly.

Bold City Heating and Air thrives on a philosophy that HVAC repair work is less about quick repairs and more about long-lived solutions crafted with care. They embrace the intricacy of each system, turning what might look like a difficult repair into a smooth, transparent procedure. Like an experienced detective, they unwind the quirks of your system, ensuring that your convenience isn't simply restored, but optimized.

Translating the Costs Behind HVAC Repair Services

Ever seen how a simple HVAC repair can often spiral into a wallet-busting ordeal? The reality depends on the maze of covert aspects that influence repair expenses. From the degree of the damage to the age of your system, these aspects weave a complicated narrative.

Picture a cold evening where your ac system sputters and stops working. You call for a/c repair work near me, and suddenly, you're faced with a quote that feels like a cryptic puzzle (Bold City Heating and Air). What exactly drives these numbers?

Secret Elements Influencing Repair Costs

• Severity of the Problem: Minor problems like thermostat malfunctions cost less compared to compressor or coil replacements.
• Equipment Age: Older systems frequently require more extensive repair work or part replacements, which hikes the cost.
• Labor Complexity: Difficult-to-access units demand more time and proficiency, naturally increasing labor expenses.
• Replacement Parts: Authentic parts versus generic ones, schedule, and shipping can swing expenses commonly.
• Emergency Service: Repairs done outside routine hours generally come with premium fees.

Bold City Heating and Air knows these complexities like the back of their hand. They have actually seen direct how a split blower wheel or a clogged condensate drain can turn into an expensive ordeal if neglected. Their professionals do not simply spot up-- they identify with precision, ensuring you pay for what's required, not a penny more.

Here's a pro suggestion: regular inspection of your a/c system's filters and condensate lines can prevent small issues from growing out of control. Did you understand a clogged up filter can require your system to work overtime, causing wear that requires expensive repair work?

Does your a/c repair price quote seem like a shot in the dark? Bold City Heating and Air's transparency and competence brighten the procedure, directing you through what each expense implies. Understanding these elements can turn a stressful repair work into a manageable financial investment in your home's comfort.

Trusted A/c Service in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a lively city known for its extensive park system, beautiful beaches, and dynamic riverfront. As the most populated city in Florida, it uses a varied economy with strong sectors in finance, logistics, and healthcare. The city's warm environment makes efficient and trustworthy HVAC systems essential for locals and services alike to remain comfy year-round.

For those looking for expert recommendations and professional a/c repair near me, Bold City Heating and Air can provide a free assessment to assist resolve any cooling or heating issues efficiently. They are ready to help with all your HVAC requires.

• 32206: 32206 is a zip code covering a varied area of Jacksonville FL. It includes Arlington, known for its mid-century architecture and easy access to downtown.
• 32207: The 32207 zip code is a zip code encompassing sections of Jacksonville's Southside, recognized for its blend of residential areas and commercial developments. It includes diverse neighborhoods and easy access to major roadways. Jacksonville FL
• 32208: 32208 is a zip code including parts of Jacksonville FL's South Side, recognized for its mix of residential areas and commercial centers. It also includes popular spots like the Avenues Mall and adjacent business parks.
• 32209: 32209 is a zip code including portions of Arlington, a big and varied residential district in Jacksonville FL. It offers a mix of housing options, parks, and convenient access to downtown.
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• 32211: 32211 is a zip code primarily serving the Arlington district of Jacksonville FL. It's a sizable residential area with a mix of housing options, retail businesses, and parks.
• 32099: The 32099 ZIP code encompasses Ponte Vedra Beach, a coastal community recognized for its luxury homes and golf courses. It offers beautiful beaches and a calm, resort-like atmosphere.
• 32201: 32201 is a downtown Jacksonville FL zip code encompassing the city center. It features sites like the Jacksonville Landing and historic buildings.
• 32202: The 32202 ZIP code is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its historical appeal and eclectic community. It offers a combination of housing, shops, and cultural attractions.
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• 32204: 32204 is a zip code including the neighborhood of Ortega in Jacksonville FL. It is a historic and affluent area known because of its water's edge properties and oak-lined streets.
• 32205: 32205 is a zip code encompassing a large part of Jacksonville FL's urban core, including the historical Riverside and Avondale neighborhoods. Known for its vibrant arts scene, diverse architecture, and pedestrian-friendly streets, 32205 presents a mix of residential, commercial, and leisure spaces.
• 32212: The 32212 area code is a zip code encompassing parts of Jacksonville FL's Southside, recognized for its mix of housing developments and business districts. It provides a variety of housing options, shopping, and restaurants.
• 32214: This ZIP code is a zip code encompassing parts of Jacksonville's Southside, recognized for its mix of residential areas and commercial developments. It offers a blend of suburban living with easy access to shopping, dining, and major roadways.
• 32215: 32215 is a zip code including a few neighborhoods within Jacksonville FL's Southside area. It is recognized for a mix of residential sections, business centers, and proximity to major roads.
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• 32227: 32227 covers the Jacksonville Beach area, providing a mix of residential neighborhoods and beachfront attractions. It is known for its relaxed shoreline lifestyle and popular surfing spots. Jacksonville FL
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• 32219: 32219 is a zip code connected with the Mandarin neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. It's a large residential location known for its blend of established areas and newer developments.
• 32220: 32220 is a zip code covering the Argyle Forest neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. This area is a mainly residential area known for its family-friendly atmosphere and convenient access to shopping and dining.
• 32221: 32221 is a zip code covering parts of of Jacksonville FL's Southside, recognized for its combination of housing developments and commercial developments. It includes communities like Baymeadows and Deerwood, offering a variety of housing and retail selections.
• 32222: That zip code in Jacksonville, FL comprises the Beach Haven and South Beach communities. This area is known for its closeness to the coast and residential communities.
• 32223: 32223 is a zip code including the tangerine neighborhood of Jacksonville FL. It is a big residential area famous for its history, parks, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
• 32224: 32224 is a zip code covering Jacksonville Beach, a shoreline community known for its sandy beaches. Residents and tourists same enjoy riding waves, fishing, and a lively promenade scene in Jacksonville FL.
• 32225: 32225 is a zip code covering Jacksonville FL's Southside area, known for its combination of residential locations, commercial centers, and proximity to the St. Johns River. It offers a blend of outskirts living with easy access to shopping, dining, and recreational opportunities.
• 32226: 32226 is a zip code covering the Southside area of Jacksonville FL. It is a big, diverse area recognized because of its commercial centers, residential communities, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
• 32230: 32230 is a zip code covering the Jacksonville FL communities of Arlington and Fort Caroline. This location provides a mix of housing developments, parks, and historical sites.
• 32231: 32231 is the zip postal code for Mandarin, a large suburban community in Jacksonville FL known for its history and picturesque views along the St. Johns River. It offers a mix of residential areas, parks, and commercial centers.
• 32232: 32232 is the zip code for the Kernan area of Jacksonville FL. It's a developing suburban community known because of its residential neighborhoods and proximity to the beach.
• 32234: 32234 is the zip code for the Mandarin community in Jacksonville FL. It is a large housing area recognized because of its history, parks, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
• 32245: 32245 is a zip code covering several neighborhoods in Jacksonville FL, including the wealthy Deerwood area recognized for its gated neighborhoods and the large St. Johns Town Center retail and restaurant destination. Locals can appreciate a combination of upscale living, retail convenience, and closeness to major roadways.
• 32246: 32246 is a zip code encompassing the Hodges Boulevard area in Jacksonville FL. It's a primarily housing area with a mix of home choices and commercial developments.
• 32247: 32247 is a zip code including the Mandarin area in Jacksonville FL. It's a large suburban location known for its historic origins, waterfront views, and family-friendly environment.
• 32250: The 32250 is a zip code encompassing a part of Jacksonville's in FL Southside, known by its blend of housing areas and commercial developments. It covers parts of the Baymeadows area, offering a variety of housing options and easy entry to stores and dining.
• 32254: 32254 is a zip code encompassing parts of Jacksonville's Southside, recognized for its mix of housing areas and commercial developments. It includes the well-known Deerwood Park and Tinseltown areas.
• 32255: 32255 is a zip code encompassing various communities in Jacksonville FL's south side area. It includes a blend of housing areas, commercial hubs, and proximity to main highways.
• 32256: 32256 is a postal code encompassing parts of the South Side neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. It offers a blend of housing developments, commercial centers, and leisure activities.
• 32257: 32257 is a zip code encompassing the Kernan and Hodges Boulevards area of Jacksonville FL. This region is known for its housing neighborhoods, retail locations, and proximity to the University of North Florida.
• 32258: 32258 is a zip code covering portions of Jacksonville FL's south side, recognized for residential sections and business developments. It includes neighborhoods like Baymeadow and Deerwood, giving a blend of lodging options and handy entrance to shopping and dining.
• 32260: 32260 is a zip code encompassing Jacksonville FL's Southside area. It features a blend of housing, commercial developments, and closeness to the St. Johns River.
• 32277: 32277 is the zip code for Jacksonville FL, a coastal community known for its grainy shores and vibrant boardwalk. It provides a mix of residential areas, hotels, restaurants, and recreational activities.

1. Downtown Jacksonville: Downtown Jacksonville serves as the main commercial area of Jacksonville, Florida, known for its dynamic mix of historic architecture and state-of-the-art skyscrapers. It features cultural attractions, parks along the water, and a selection of dining and entertainment options.
2. Southside: Southside is a dynamic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its blend of neighborhoods, malls, and commercial centers. It offers a combination of city convenience and suburban ease, making it a favored area for families and professionals.
3. Northside: Northside is a large district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its mixed communities and manufacturing areas. It features a combination of residential neighborhoods, parks, and commercial zones, contributing to the city's growth and development.
4. Westside: Westside is a dynamic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its diverse community and rich cultural heritage. It features a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and parks, offering a unique blend of metropolitan and suburban lifestyle.
5. Arlington: Arlington is a dynamic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its blend of housing communities and commercial areas. It features green spaces, malls, and access to the St. Johns River, making it a popular area for households and nature lovers.
6. Mandarin: Mandarin remains a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its scenic riverfront views and quaint small-town atmosphere. It boasts lush parks, local shops, and a rich cultural heritage dating back to the 19th century.
7. San Marco: San Marco is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic architecture and quaint town center. It offers a mix of specialty shops, restaurants, and cultural attractions, making it a favored destination for residents and visitors alike.
8. Riverside: Riverside is a vibrant community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic architecture and bustling arts scene. It offers a blend of one-of-a-kind shops, restaurants, and beautiful riverfront parks, making it a favored destination for locals and visitors alike.
9. Avondale: Avondale is a delightful neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic architecture and lively local shops. It offers a mix of residential areas, stylish restaurants, and cultural attractions along the St. Johns River.
10. Ortega: Ortega is a charming and scenic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its attractive waterfront homes and shady streets. It offers a charming blend of old Southern architecture and modern amenities, making it a coveted residential area.
11. Murray Hill: Murray Hill is a lively historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its quaint bungalows and diverse local businesses. It offers a blend of residential comfort and a bustling arts and dining scene, making it a well-liked destination for residents and visitors alike.
12. Springfield: Springfield is a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its appealing early 20th-century architecture and dynamic community. It features a mix of residential homes, local businesses, and cultural attractions, making it a popular area for both residents and visitors.
13. East Arlington: East Arlington is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its mixed community and easy access to shopping and leisure spots. It features a blend of residential homes, green spaces, and shops, making it a appealing place to live.
14. Fort Caroline: Fort Caroline is a historic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its deep colonial history and proximity to the site of the 16th-century French fort. It offers a combination of residential areas, parks, and cultural landmarks that showcase its heritage.
15. Greater Arlington: Greater Arlington in Jacksonville, FL, is a vibrant district known for its housing areas, malls, and recreational areas. It offers a blend of suburban living with close proximity to the Jacksonville downtown and beach areas.
16. Intracoastal West: Intracoastal West is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its picturesque waterways and nearness to the Intracoastal Waterway. It offers a combination of living and commercial spaces, providing a distinct combination of metropolitan ease and natural beauty.
17. Jacksonville Beaches: Jacksonville Beaches remains a lively coastal community in Jacksonville, FL, renowned for its lovely sandy shores and peaceful atmosphere. It provides a blend of housing areas, local businesses, and fun things to do along the Atlantic Ocean.
18. Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach is a charming seaside community located in Jacksonville FL, known for its gorgeous beaches and relaxed atmosphere. It offers a combination of residential neighborhoods, local shops, and dining options, making it a popular destination for both residents and visitors.
19. Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach is a coastal community located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its stunning beaches and relaxed atmosphere. It offers a mix of residential areas, local shops, and outdoor recreational activities along the Atlantic Ocean.
20. Jackson Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a vibrant coastal community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its gorgeous beaches and bustling boardwalk. It offers a variety of residential neighborhoods, local shops, restaurants, and recreational activities, making it a favored destination for both residents and visitors.
21. Baldwin: Baldwin is a modest locale located within Duval County, near Jacksonville FL, Florida, known for its charming charm and close-knit community. It features a combination of housing areas, local businesses, and scenic parks, offering a peaceful, suburban atmosphere.
22. Oceanway: Oceanway is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its suburban atmosphere and family-friendly amenities. It features a range of housing options, parks, and local businesses, making it a favored area for residents seeking a community-oriented environment.
23. South Jacksonville: South Jacksonville is a vibrant district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its residential neighborhoods and local businesses. It offers a blend of historic charm and up-to-date facilities, making it a favored area for households and career people.
24. Deerwood: Deerwood is a well-known neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its high-end residential communities and manicured green spaces. It offers a mix of elegant homes, golf courses, and quick access to shopping and dining options.
25. Baymeadows: Baymeadows is a vibrant district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its combination of residential neighborhoods and commercial areas. It offers a variety of shopping, dining, and recreational options, making it a well-liked destination for locals and visitors alike.
26. Bartram Park: Bartram Park is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its contemporary residential communities and closeness to nature. It offers a blend of urban amenities and outdoor recreational options, making it a popular choice for families and professionals.
27. Nocatee: Nocatee is a planned community located near Jacksonville, FL, known for its kid-friendly atmosphere and extensive amenities. It features parks, trails, and recreational facilities, making it a preferred choice for residents seeking a dynamic suburban lifestyle.
28. Brooklyn: Brooklyn is a dynamic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic charm and close-knit community. It features a mix of residential homes, enterprises, and heritage sites that reflect the area's deep history.
29. LaVilla: LaVilla is a historical neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, recognized because of its rich heritage heritage and vibrant arts scene. Formerly a thriving African American community, it had a significant role in the urban music and entertainment history.
30. Durkeeville: Durkeeville is a historic in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its deep African American heritage and dynamic community. It features a variety of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that reflect its deep roots in the city's history.
31. Fairfax: Fairfax is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic charm and tight-knit community. It features a mix of residences, small businesses, and open areas, offering a friendly atmosphere for residents and visitors alike.
32. Lackawanna: Lackawanna is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its tranquil streets and community atmosphere. It features a mix of private residences and neighborhood shops, contributing to its small-town feel within the city.
33. New Town: New Town is a well-known neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, famous for its tight-knit community spirit and vast cultural heritage. It includes a combination of residential areas, local businesses, and community organizations collaborating to improve and enhance the district.
34. Panama Park: Panama Park is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its peaceful streets and community atmosphere. It offers simple access to local services and parks, making it an attractive area for families and working individuals.
35. Talleyrand: Talleyrand is a heritage neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its housing charm and proximity to the St. Johns River. The area features a mix of vintage homes and local businesses, reflecting its strong community heritage.
36. Dinsmore: Dinsmore is a residential neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and neighborly atmosphere. It features a mix of single-family homes and local amenities, offering a suburban feel within the city.
37. Garden City: Garden City is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its blend of houses and neighborhood shops. It offers a tight-knit community atmosphere with convenient access to city amenities.
38. Grand Park: Grand Park is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its historic charm and mixed community. It features shaded streets, local parks, and a range of small businesses that contribute to its inviting atmosphere.
39. Highlands: Highlands is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its pleasant residential streets and local parks. It offers a combination of historic homes and modern amenities, creating a welcoming community atmosphere.
40. Lake Forest: Lake Forest is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its calm streets and family-oriented atmosphere. It features a mix of detached houses, parks, and local amenities, making it a appealing community for residents.
41. Paxon: Paxon is a housing neighborhood located in the western part of Jacksonville, Florida, known for its varied community and reasonably priced housing. It features a mix of single-family homes and local businesses, contributing to its friendly, suburban atmosphere.
42. Ribault: Ribault is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its varied community and homey feel. It features a mix of historic homes and local businesses, contributing to its unique cultural identity.
43. Sherwood Forest: Sherwood Forest is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its tree-lined streets and welcoming atmosphere. It features a mix of historic and modern homes, offering a quiet suburban feel close to city amenities.
44. Whitehouse: Whitehouse is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and neighborly atmosphere. It features a mix of individual residences and local amenities, making it a popular area for families and professionals.
45. Cedar Hills: Cedar Hills is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its diverse community and easy access to local amenities. It offers a mix of residential and commercial areas, adding to its active and welcoming environment.
46. Grove Park: Grove Park is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its lovely historic homes and canopied streets. It offers a close-knit community atmosphere with convenient access to downtown services and parks.
47. Holiday Hill: Holiday Hill is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its calm streets and close-knit community. It offers easy access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a appealing area for families.
48. Southwind Lakes: Southwind Lakes is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its serene lakes and carefully kept community spaces. It offers a peaceful suburban atmosphere with close access to local amenities and parks.
49. Secret Cove: Secret Cove is a tranquil waterfront neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its calm atmosphere and beautiful views. It offers a mix of residential homes and natural landscapes, making it a well-liked spot for outdoor enthusiasts and families.
50. Englewood: Englewood is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its multicultural community and rich cultural heritage. It offers a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and recreational spaces, making it a lively part of the city.
51. St Nicholas: St. Nicholas is a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its delightful early 20th-century architecture and vibrant community atmosphere. It offers a mix of residential homes, local businesses, and cultural landmarks, making it a distinctive and inviting area within the city.
52. San Jose: San Jose is a lively district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its residential neighborhoods and shopping zones. It offers a blend of suburban lifestyle with convenient access to parks, shopping, and dining.
53. Pickwick Park: Pickwick Park is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its quiet streets and neighborly atmosphere. It offers a mix of detached houses and local amenities, making it a popular area for families and professionals.
54. Lakewood: Lakewood is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its heritage charm and varied community. It features a blend of residences, local businesses, and parks, offering a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors alike.
55. Galway: Galway is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its suburban atmosphere and community-oriented living. It features a mix of detached houses and local amenities, providing a peaceful and kid-friendly environment.
56. Beauclerc: Beauclerc is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its calm streets and welcoming atmosphere. It offers a mix of detached houses and local amenities, making it a popular choice for residents seeking a suburban atmosphere within the city.
57. Goodby's Creek: Goodby's Creek is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its peaceful atmosphere and proximity to natural surroundings. It offers a mix of suburban living with simple access to local amenities and parks.
58. Loretto: Loretto is a classic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its charming residential streets and tight-knit community atmosphere. It features a combination of architectural styles and offers convenient access to downtown Jacksonville and nearby parks.
59. Sheffield: Sheffield is a residing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its quiet streets and community-oriented atmosphere. It features a mix of single-family homes and local parks, making it a popular area for families.
60. Sunbeam: Sunbeam is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its quaint residential streets and tight-knit community spirit. It offers a mix of historic homes and local businesses, creating a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors alike.
61. Killarney Shores: Killarney Shores is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, Florida, known for its quiet streets and tight-knit community. It provides easy access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a appealing area for families.
62. Royal Lakes: Royal Lakes is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its peaceful environment and welcoming atmosphere. It features well-kept homes, local parks, and simple access to nearby schools and shopping centers.
63. Craig Industrial Park: Craig Industrial Park is a commercial and manufacturing area in Jacksonville, FL, known for its variety of storage facilities, manufacturing facilities, and logistics hubs. It serves as a key hub for area companies and contributes significantly to the city's economy.
64. Eastport: Eastport is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its heritage charm and riverside views. It offers a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and recreational spaces along the St. Johns River.
65. Yellow Bluff: Yellow Bluff is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its calm streets and tight-knit community. It offers a mix of residential homes and community amenities, providing a pleasant living environment.
66. Normandy Village: Normandy Village is a residential community in Jacksonville, FL, recognized for its mid-century homes and family-friendly environment. It offers convenient access to nearby recreational areas, schools, and retail centers, making it a preferred choice for residents.
67. Argyle Forest: Argyle Forest represents a residential community in Jacksonville, FL, recognized for its kid-friendly environment and close access to retail and educational institutions. It features a combination of single-family homes, parks, and recreational amenities, which makes it a well-liked choice for suburban living.
68. Cecil Commerce Center: Cecil Commerce Center is a big industrial & commercial district in Jacksonville FL, known for its prime location and broad transportation infrastructure. It serves as a center for logistics, production, and distribution businesses, playing a key role in the local economy.
69. Venetia: Venetia is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its calm streets and residential atmosphere. It offers convenient access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a popular area for families.
70. Ortega Forest: Ortega Forest is a lovely housing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic homes and green, tree-covered streets. It offers a peaceful suburban atmosphere while being conveniently close to downtown Jacksonville.
71. Timuquana: Timuquana is a residential neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and public parks. It offers a variety of single-family homes and convenient access to local amenities and schools.
72. San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a residential neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its verdant greenery and welcoming atmosphere. The area features a variety of private residences and local parks, offering a peaceful suburban environment.
73. E-Town: E-Town is a dynamic neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its diverse community and historic significance. It features a combination of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that contribute to its unique character.

1. Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: This Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens exhibits a wide collection of art encompassing multiple eras and cultures. Visitors can also explore stunning formal gardens overlooking the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
2. Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens showcases a varied range of animals and plants from across the globe. It offers interesting displays, instructive programs, and conservation initiatives for visitors of all years. Jacksonville FL
3. Museum of Science and History: This Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL features hands-on exhibits and a planetarium appropriate for all ages. Guests can discover science, history, and culture through engaging displays and informative programs.
4. Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historical site that provides a glimpse into Florida plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can explore the grounds, such as the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
5. Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial celebrates the 16th-century French effort to found a colony in Florida. It offers exhibits and trails exploring the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
6. Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve safeguards one of the remaining pristine coastal wetlands on the Atlantic Coast. It maintains the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
7. Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a large, well-known water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It features striking water shows and lights, which makes it a popular site and meeting spot.
8. Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a vibrant week-to-week arts and crafts marketplace beneath the Fuller Warren Bridge. It showcases local artisans, live music, food sellers, and a beautiful view of the St. Johns River.
9. San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a charming shopping and dining district with a European-style atmosphere. It is known for its high-end shops, eateries, and the iconic fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
10. St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an high-end open-air shopping mall in Jacksonville FL, showcasing a blend of high-end stores, popular brands, and restaurants. It is a premier destination for purchasing, eating, and recreation in North East FL.
11. Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District showcases appealing early 20th-century architecture and unique shops. It's a vibrant neighborhood recognized for its local restaurants and historic character. Jacksonville FL
12. Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a gorgeous green space in Jacksonville FL, home to a giant, ancient oak tree. The park offers a calm retreat with trails and scenic views of the St. Johns River.
13. Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL offers untouched beaches and diverse ecosystems. Guests can enjoy recreation such as hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing in this natural coastal environment.
14. Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, provides amazing shoreline views and diverse habitats for nature enthusiasts. Discover the unique boneyard beach, walk scenic trails, and observe plentiful wildlife in this gorgeous natural sanctuary.
15. Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, offers a gorgeous beach, wooded trails, and a 60-acre fresh water lake for recreation. It's a favored place for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
16. Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens offers a stunning natural escape with diverse paths and specialty gardens. Guests can explore a variety of plant life and enjoy peaceful outdoor recreation.
17. Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre park that serves as a homage to the over 1,200 Floridians who lost their lives in World War I. The area features a statue, reflecting pool, and gardens, offering a place for remembrance and reflection. Jacksonville FL
18. Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's oldest park, a historical open square holding events, bazaars, and social gatherings. It offers a green space in the heart of downtown with art installations and a vibrant atmosphere.
19. Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL provides a lovely waterfront location for events and recreation. With play areas, a music stage, and picturesque views, it is a popular destination for residents and tourists as well.
20. Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was originally named to pay tribute to rebel soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and transformed as a space for community events and recreation.
21. Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park preserves and relays the unique history of Jacksonville's beaches. Explore exhibits on nearby life-saving, surfing, and original beach communities.
22. Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach offers a charming seaside town with beautiful beaches and a relaxed atmosphere. People can relish surfing, swimming, and investigating local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
23. Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach offers a classic Florida beach town feeling with its sandy beaches and easygoing vibe. Guests can experience surfing, swimming, and exploring nearby shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
24. Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a dynamic coastal city well-known for its grainy shores and surfing scene. It offers a blend of leisure activities, restaurants, and nightlife beside the Atlantic Ocean.
25. Huguenot Memorial Park: This park offers a stunning beachfront spot with options for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Guests can savor the natural allure of the region with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
26. Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, provides picturesque trails and walkways through varied ecosystems. Visitors can enjoy nature walks, birdwatching, and discovering the beauty of the coastal area.
27. Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL preserves the dirt remnants of a Civil War-era Confederate fort. Visitors can explore the historical location and learn regarding its meaning by way of informative displays.
28. Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society conserves the history of the Mandarin within Jacksonville FL. Visitors can view exhibits and relics that showcase the location's unique past.
29. Museum of Southern History: This Museum of Southern History displays artifacts and displays connected to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Visitors can explore a variety of topics, including the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
30. The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, provides guided walking tours to view rescued big cats and other uncommon animals. It's a non-profit organization dedicated to offering a safe, caring, forever home for these animals.

• Air Conditioning Installation: Proper installation of cooling systems guarantees efficient and agreeable indoor climates. This critical process ensures peak performance and durability of climate control units.
• Air Conditioner: ACs chill indoor spaces by removing heat and humidity. Proper setup by certified technicians guarantees efficient operation and ideal climate control.
• Hvac: Hvac systems control temperature and air's condition. They are crucial for setting up environmental control answers in structures.
• Thermostat: The Thermostat is the primary component for adjusting temperature in HVAC systems. It tells the cooling unit to activate and deactivate, maintaining the desired indoor environment.
• Refrigerant: Refrigerant is essential for temperature control systems, extracting heat to generate cold air. Proper treatment of refrigerants is critical during HVAC setup for effective and secure operation.
• Compressor: This Compressor is a vital component of the cooling system, pressurizing refrigerant. This process is essential for efficient temperature control in climate control systems.
• Evaporator Coil: An Evaporator Coil takes in heat from inside air, cooling it down. This part is critical for efficient climate control system installation in buildings.
• Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil serves as an integral component in cooling systems, releasing heat outside. It aids the heat transfer needed for effective indoor climate management.
• Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for distributing cooled air all through a building. Correct duct layout and setup are vital for successful climate control system positioning.
• Ventilation: Efficient Ventilation is essential for adequate air flow and indoor air standard. It has a vital role in ensuring optimal operation and efficiency of climate control equipment.
• Heat Pump: Heat Pumps transfer heat, providing both heating and cooling. They are essential components in modern climate control system installations, offering energy-efficient temperature regulation.
• Split System: Split System offer both heating and cooling via an indoor unit connected to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless solution for temperature regulation in specific rooms or areas.
• Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool entire homes from a single, powerful unit. Correct setup of these systems is crucial for streamlined and effective home cooling.
• Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: higher Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates better performance and lower energy use for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when setting up a new climate control system.
• Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor adjust refrigeration output to match need, improving efficiency and comfort in climate control systems. This precise modulation reduces power waste and maintains uniform thermals in building environments.
• Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures effective operation and lifespan in refrigeration systems. Neglecting it can lead to expensive repairs or system breakdowns when establishing climate control.
• Air Filter: Air Filter capture dust and particles, making sure of clean air flow inside HVAC systems. This enhances system efficiency and indoor air quality during temperature regulation setup.
• Installation Manual: An Installation Manual offers key direction for properly installing a cooling system. It guarantees proper procedures are followed for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
• Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is critical for supplying power to and regulating the parts of climate control systems. Proper wiring guarantees secure and effective functioning of the cooling and heating units.
• Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit distributes conditioned air within a room. It's a vital component for climate control systems, guaranteeing correct temp control in buildings.
• Outdoor Unit: The Outdoor Unit contains the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat externally. It's crucial for a full climate control system installation, guaranteeing effective cooling inside.
• Maintenance: Routine upkeep ensures effective operation and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance averts breakdowns and improves the efficiency of installed cooling setups.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is essential for reducing energy consumption and costs when setting up new climate control systems. Prioritizing effective equipment and proper installation reduces environmental impact and maximizes long-term savings.
• Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics explains how heat moves and transforms energy, crucial for cooling setup system. Effective climate control creation relies on thermodynamic principles to maximize energy use during system placement.
• Building Codes: Construction regulations assure proper and safe HVAC system installation in buildings. They regulate aspects such as energy efficiency and ventilation for climate control systems.
• Load Calculation: Load Calculation establishes the warming and cooling needs of a area. This is essential for selecting suitably dimensioned HVAC equipment for efficient climate control.
• Mini Split: Mini Split provide a no-duct approach to temperature management, providing targeted heating and cooling. Their ease of placement makes them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is impractical.
• Air Handler: The Air Handler circulates treated air throughout a building. It is a vital component for proper climate control system setup.
• Insulation: Thermal protection is crucial for maintaining effective temperature regulation within a building. It minimizes heat exchange, lessening the workload on cooling systems and improving temperature setups.
• Drainage System: Drainage Systems eliminate liquids created by air conditioning equipment. Proper drainage avoids water damage and ensures effective operation of air conditioning setups.
• Filter: Strainers are critical parts that eliminate pollutants from the air during the setup of climate control systems. This ensures purer air circulation and safeguards the system's internal parts.
• Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems regulate inside environment by regulating temperature, humidity, and air condition. Proper installation of these systems ensures economical and productive cooling and environmental control within buildings.
• Split System Air Conditioner: Split System Air Conditioner offer efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design simplifies the process of establishing climate control in residences and businesses.
• Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are qualified experts who focus in the installation of climate control systems. They guarantee proper operation and effectiveness of these systems for ideal indoor comfort.
• Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air greatly impacts well-being and health, so HVAC system setup should prioritize filtration and ventilation. Appropriate system planning and setup is vital for optimizing air quality.
• Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain eliminates water generated during the cooling operation, stopping damage and maintaining system efficiency. Proper drain setup is vital for effective climate control installation and long-term performance.
• Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems precisely regulate refrigerant amount to different zones, offering customized cooling and heating. The technology is vital for creating efficient and flexible climate control in building environments.
• Building Automation System: Building Automation System orchestrate and optimize the functioning of HVAC equipment. This results in improved temperature regulation and power savings in buildings.
• Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems control indoor temperature and atmosphere. Proper setup of these systems is vital for efficient and effective climate control.
• Temperature Control: Accurate temperature regulation is crucial for effective climate control system setup. It guarantees peak performance and comfort in new cooling systems.
• Thermistor: Thermistors are thermistors used in weather control systems to measure accurately air temperature. This data helps to control system performance, guaranteeing optimal performance and energy efficiency in environmental control setups.
• Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are temperature sensors crucial for ensuring proper HVAC system setup. They accurately gauge temperature, allowing precise adjustments and optimal climate control function.
• Digital Thermostat: These devices accurately control temperature, improving HVAC system performance. They are important for setting up home climate regulation systems, guaranteeing efficient and comfortable environments.
• Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats optimize climate control systems by allowing customized temperature routines. This leads to enhanced energy efficiency and comfort in home cooling setups.
• Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostats streamline home temperature management by understanding user desires and changing the temperature automatically. They play a key role in modern HVAC system setups, enhancing energy savings and convenience.
• Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, made up of two metals with different expansion rates, bends in reaction to temperature variations. This characteristic is utilized in HVAC systems to control thermostats and adjust heating or cooling operations.
• Capillary Tube Thermostat: The Capillary Tube Thermostat accurately controls temperature in cooling systems via remote sensing. The component is vital for keeping desired climate control inside buildings.
• Thermostatic Expansion Valve: This Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant stream into the evaporator, keeping ideal cooling. This component is critical for efficient operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
• Setpoint: Setpoint is the desired temperature a climate management system aims to reach. It directs the system's operation during climate management configurations to preserve preferred comfort degrees.
• Temperature Sensor: Temperature sensing devices are vital for regulating heating, ventilation, and cooling systems by tracking air temperature and ensuring optimal climate control. Their data helps enhance system performance during climate control setup and maintenance.
• Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop assists with regulating temperature throughout climate control system setup by continuously monitoring and adjusting settings. This ensures peak performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
• Control System: Control Systems govern temperature, moisture, and air circulation in environmental conditioning setups. They assure optimal comfort and energy savings in climate-controlled environments.
• Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is achieved when parts reach the same temperature, vital for efficient climate control system installation. Proper equilibrium ensures maximum performance and energy savings in placed cooling systems.
• Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials transfer heat, affecting the cooling system setup. Selecting materials with suitable thermal properties assures peak performance of installed climate control systems.
• Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat flow, ensuring efficient cooling by reducing the workload on climate control systems. This improves energy efficiency and preserves consistent temperatures in buildings.
• On Off Control: On-Off Control keeps desired temperatures by completely activating or deactivating cooling systems. This simple method is crucial for controlling environment within buildings during environmental control system setup .
• Pid Controller: PID controllers precisely control temps in HVAC units. This makes sure efficient climate control during facility temperature configuration and functioning.
• Evaporator: The Evaporator takes in heat from within a location, chilling the air. This is a key part in temperature control systems created for home comfort.
• Condenser: This Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling equipment, transferring heat removed from the indoor space to the outside environment. Its correct setup is crucial for effective climate control system location and performance.
• Chlorofluorocarbon: CFCs were once widely used refrigerants which helped with refrigeration in numerous building systems. Their role has decreased due to environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
• Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants frequently used in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. Their proper treatment is essential during the installation of air conditioning systems to avoid environmental damage and guarantee efficient operation.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons were once widely used coolants in climate control systems for structures. Their elimination has resulted in the implementation of more eco-friendly alternatives for new HVAC setups.
• Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas adds to global warming over a set period relative to carbon dioxide. Choosing refrigerants with less GWP is crucial when building climate control systems to lessen environmental impact.
• Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental risks. Technicians servicing cooling units must follow regulations to prevent further damage.
• Phase Change: Phase Change of refrigerants are vital for effectively conveying heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles enable cooling by taking in heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
• Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are key for successful climate control system establishment. Grasping conduction, convection, and radiation assures optimal system operation and energy efficiency during the process of establishing home cooling.
• Refrigeration Cycle: The cooling process moves heat, enabling refrigeration in HVAC systems. Correct setup and upkeep make sure of effective operation and longevity of these cooling options.
• Environmental Protection Agency: EPA controls refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system maintenance to safeguard the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians working with refrigeration equipment must be certified to ensure proper refrigerant handling and prevent environmental damage.
• Leak Detection: Leak Detection guarantees the soundness of refrigerant pipes after climate control system installation. Identifying and addressing leaks is crucial for peak function and ecological safety of newly installed climate control systems.
• Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are essential tools for checking refrigerant levels during HVAC system installation. They guarantee peak performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within defined ranges for proper cooling operation.
• Expansion Valve: The Expansion Valve modulates refrigerant flow in cooling systems, enabling efficient heat absorption. It is a critical component for maximum performance in climate control setups.
• Cooling Capacity: Cooling Capacity determines how effectively a system can lower the temperature of a room. Choosing the right level is important for peak performance in environmental control system placement.
• Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of taking out and keeping refrigerants during HVAC system installations. Properly recovering refrigerants stops environmental damage and guarantees effective new cooling equipment installations.
• Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and reuses refrigerants, reducing environmental impact. This procedure is vital when installing climate control systems, guaranteeing proper disposal and avoiding ozone depletion.
• Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) supply vital information on the safe handling and possible hazards of chemicals utilized in cooling system installation. Technicians use SDS data to protect themselves and avoid accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
• Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids used in cooling systems to move heat. Their correct management is essential for effective climate control installation and maintenance.
• Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is vital for cooling buildings, allowing effective temperature regulation. It's a critical process in climate control system setup, assisting the transfer of heat to offer comfortable indoor spaces.
• Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the key process of heat removal, using refrigerant to absorb and release heat. This cycle is essential for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
• Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors efficiently pressurize refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a critical component for efficient temperature regulation in buildings.
• Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating Compressors are essential parts that squeeze refrigerant in refrigeration systems. They facilitate heat exchange, allowing efficient climate control within structures.
• Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are vital components that raise refrigerant stress in big climate control systems. They effectively move refrigerant, allowing effective cooling and heating across wide areas.
• Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors are a vital component in refrigeration systems, employing a spinning mechanism to compress refrigerant. Their efficiency and compact size render them ideal for climate control setups in various applications.
• Compressor Motor: This Compressor Motor serves as the main force for the cooling process, moving refrigerant. It is essential for proper climate control system installation and function in buildings.
• Compressor Oil: Compressor lubricant oils and protects mechanical parts within a system's compressor, guaranteeing effective refrigerant compression for suitable climate regulation. It is important to choose the right type of oil throughout system setup to guarantee durability and peak function of the cooling appliance.
• Pressure Switch: The Pressure Switch checks refrigerant amounts, ensuring the system works securely. It prevents damage by shutting down the cooling device if pressure falls outside the ok range.
• Compressor Relay: The Compressor Relay is an electrical device that controls the compressor motor in cooling systems. It ensures the compressor begins and ceases correctly, enabling effective temperature regulation within climate control setups.
• Suction Line: A Suction Line, a critical part in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator back the compressor. Proper sizing and insulation of this line are critical for effective system operation during climate control installation.
• Discharge Line: The discharge line moves hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper sizing and setup of the Discharge Line are crucial for optimal cooling system configuration.
• Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling power of a system for indoor climate control. Choosing the right capacity ensures effective temperature regulation during climate control installation.
• Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that must to be taken away from a space to maintain a desired temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is important for appropriate HVAC system installation and size.
• Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate perfectly after they are setup. It's crucial for maintaining efficient climate control systems put in place.
• Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks decrease cooling effectiveness and can cause equipment failure. Resolving these leakages is essential for appropriate climate control system setup, assuring peak performance and durability.
• Seer Rating: SEER score indicates an HVAC system's cooling performance, impacting long-term energy expenses. Elevated SEER values mean greater energy savings when setting up climate control.
• Hspf Rating: HSPF Rating demonstrates the heating efficiency of heat pumps. Increased ratings indicate better energy effectiveness during climate control installation.
• Preventative Maintenance: Preventative servicing guarantees HVAC systems work effectively and dependably after setup. Routine maintenance reduces breakdowns and extends the lifespan of climate control setups.
• Airflow: Airflow guarantees efficient cooling and heating spread throughout a building. Suitable Airflow is essential for prime performance and comfort in climate control systems.
• Electrical Components: Electrical Components are essential for powering and managing systems that govern indoor climate. They assure suitable operation, safety, and efficiency in temperature regulation setups.
• Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of introducing the correct quantity of refrigerant to a cooling system. This assures optimal operation and efficiency when installing climate control units.
• System Diagnosis: System Diagnosis identifies potential issues before, during, and after HVAC system setup. It guarantees best function and averts upcoming problems in HVAC setups.
• Hvac System: Hvac System control heat, moisture, and atmosphere quality in structures. They are critical for creating climate control solutions in domestic and business areas.
• Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning provide focused cooling and heating lacking extensive ductwork. They simplify climate control installation in rooms that lack existing duct systems.
• Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are self-contained units installed in windows to chill single spaces. They offer a direct method for specific climate control within a building.
• Portable Air Conditioner: Portable Air Conditioner units provide a flexible cooling answer for spaces lacking central systems. They can also provide short-term temperature regulation during HVAC system configurations.
• System Inspection: System Inspection ensures correct installation of cooling systems by verifying component integrity and adherence to installation standards. This process guarantees effective operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control systems.
• Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures efficient heat transfer, vital for peak system performance. This maintenance procedure is vital for correct setup of climate control systems.
• Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is critical for reinstating cooling ability in cooling systems. It ensures maximum function and longevity of recently installed climate control equipment.
• Capacitor: These devices provide the necessary energy boost to start and run motors within climate control systems. Their correct function guarantees efficient and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
• Contactor: A Contactor is an electrical switch that controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It enables the cooling system to turn on when necessary.
• Blower Motor: The Blower Motor moves air via the ductwork, allowing for effective heating and cooling distribution within a building. It is a crucial component for indoor climate control systems, assuring stable temperature and airflow.
• Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of newly set-up climate control systems. Technicians must resolve this issue to ensure efficient and dependable cooling operation.
• Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and fixes issues that occur during climate control system installation. Effective troubleshooting guarantees optimal system performance and prevents later problems during building cooling appliance installation.
• Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and recycles spent refrigerants. This procedure is essential for eco-friendly climate control system installation.
• Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
• Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol eliminates ozone-depleting substances used in cooling systems. This shift requires utilizing alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
• Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap heat, impacting the energy efficiency and environmental impact of climate control system configurations. Selecting refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is vital for sustainable weather control execution.
• Cfc: CFCs were formerly vital refrigerants in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. Their use has been discontinued due to their harmful impact on the ozone layer.
• Hcfc: Hcfc were once common refrigerants used in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. They facilitated the process of setting up climate control systems, but are now being discontinued due to their ozone-depleting properties.
• Hfc: HFCs are frequently used refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings. Their appropriate handling is essential during the establishment of these systems to minimize environmental impact.
• Refrigerant Oil: Cooling lubricant oils the compressor in refrigeration units, ensuring smooth operation and longevity. It's vital for the proper operation of climate control setups.
• Phase-Out: Phase-out is related to the progressive removal of specific refrigerants with elevated global warming capacity. This affects the selection and servicing of climate control systems in buildings.
• Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's potential to heat the planet if released. Lower GWP refrigerants are increasingly preferred in environmentally conscious HVAC system setups.
• Odp: ODP refrigerants hurt the ozone layer, influencing regulations for refrigeration system setup. Installers must utilize environmentally friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment installation.
• Ashrae: ASHRAE sets criteria and recommendations for HVAC systems setup. The criteria guarantee optimized and safe climate control systems application in buildings.
• Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems offer temperature and air condition control for indoor settings. They are critical for establishing cooling setups in buildings.
• Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lower cooling system efficiency and may harm the environment. Appropriate procedures during climate control unit installation are vital to prevent these leaks and ensure best performance.
• Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can significantly affect choices about upgrading to a new temperature system. Unforeseen repair costs may prompt homeowners to invest in a complete home cooling system for future savings.
• Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation includes setting up heating, air flow, and cooling systems. This is essential for enabling efficient temperature regulation inside structures.
• Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance guarantees effective performance and prolongs system life. Proper upkeep is crucial for seamless climate control system setups.
• Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and fixes issues in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It ensures peak performance during climate control unit installation and operation.
• Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems divide a building into separate areas for personalized temperature regulation. This approach enhances comfort and energy efficiency during HVAC installation.
• Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are vital parts for effective climate control systems. Their selection significantly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort uses.
• Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, dictating how efficiently the system cools a space for a given energy input. Optimizing this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
• Compressor Overheating: Overheating Compressor can seriously harm the device's heart, leading to system malfunction. Proper installation guarantees adequate airflow and refrigerant levels, avoiding this issue in climate control system installations.
• Compressor Failure: Compressor malfunction halts the refrigeration process, demanding expert attention during climate control system setups. A faulty compressor compromises the entire system's performance and lifespan when integrating it into a building.
• Overload Protector: An Overload Protector safeguards the compressor motor from overheating during climate control system installation. It stops damage by automatically disconnecting power when too much current or temperature is detected.
• Fan Motor: Fan Motor circulate air across evaporator and condenser coils, a critical process for effective climate control system installation. They facilitate heat transfer, ensuring peak cooling and heating performance within the designated space.
• Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are essential components that join the indoor and outside units, circulating refrigerant to help cooling. Their correct installation is vital for streamlined and productive climate control system installation.
• Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outdoor part in a cooling system. It rejects heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature regulation.
• Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is essential for cooling systems to efficiently remove excess heat from a conditioned space. Proper Heat Rejection assures efficient performance and longevity of climate control systems.
• System Efficiency: System Efficiency is crucial for reducing energy consumption and operational costs. Improving efficiency during climate control setup ensures long-term economy and environmental benefits.
• Pressure Drop: Pressure decrease is the reduction in fluid pressure as it flows through a system, affecting airflow in climate control setups. Properly controlling Pressure Drop is vital for peak performance and effectiveness in environmental comfort systems.
• Subcooling: Subcooling ensures best system performance by chilling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This process prevents flash gas, maximizing cooling capacity and efficiency throughout HVAC system installation.
• Superheat: Superheat makes sure that just steam refrigerant goes into the compressor, which prevents damage. It's crucial to determine superheat during HVAC system installation to optimize cooling capabilities and efficiency.
• Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a unit, essential for best cooling performance. Proper charging ensures efficient heat exchange and prevents damage during climate control installation.
• Corrosion: Rust worsens metallic elements, potentially causing leakage and system malfunctions. Guarding against Corrosion is essential for keeping the effectiveness and longevity of climate control systems.
• Fins: Blades augment the area of coils, increasing heat transfer efficiency. This is vital for optimal performance in HVAC system configurations.
• Copper Tubing: Copper piping is vital for refrigerant transfer in air conditioning systems due to its durability and efficient heat transfer. Its trustworthy connections guarantee suitable system function during installation of temperature regulation units.
• Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum piping is vital for transferring refrigerant in HVAC systems. Their light and rustproof properties make it ideal for connecting indoor and outdoor units in HVAC installations.
• Repair Costs: Unforeseen repairs can greatly impact the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

4.9(1,687)

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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boldcityac.com

boldcityac.com

+1 904-379-1648

6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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4.9

1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

New

DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

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Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

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Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

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When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

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[edit]

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