Siding (construction)

Siding or wall cladding is the protective material attached to the exterior side of a wall of a house or other building. Along with the roof, it forms the first line of defense against the elements, most importantly sun, rain/snow, heat and cold, thus creating a stable, more comfortable environment on the interior side. The siding material and style also can enhance or detract from the building's beauty. There is a wide and expanding variety of materials to side with, both natural and artificial, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. Masonry walls as such do not require siding, but any wall can be sided. Walls that are internally framed, whether with wood, or steel I-beams, however, must always be sided.

Most siding consists of pieces of weather-resistant material that are smaller than the wall they cover, to allow for expansion and contraction of the materials due to moisture and temperature changes. There are various styles of joining the pieces, from board and batton, where the butt joints between panels is covered with a thin strip (usually 25 to 50 mm wide) of wood, to a variety of clapboard, also called lap siding, in which planks are laid horizontally across the wall starting from the bottom, and building up, the board below overlapped by the board above it. These techniques of joinery are designed to prevent water from entering the walls. Siding that does not consist of pieces joined would include stucco, which is widely used in the Southwestern United States. It is a plaster-like siding and is applied over a lattice, just like plaster. However, because of the lack of joints, it eventually cracks and is susceptible to water damage. Rainscreen construction is used to improve siding's ability to keep walls dry.

Wood siding

Left: Wood shingles; Center: Clapboard; Right: Board and batten.

Wood siding is very versatile in style and can be used on a wide variety of building structures. It can be painted or stained in any color palette desired.

Though installation and repair is relatively simple, wood siding requires more maintenance than other popular solutions, requiring treatment every four to nine years depending on the severity of the elements to which it is exposed. Ants and termites are a threat to many types of wood siding, such that extra treatment and maintenance that can significantly increase the cost in some pest-infested areas.

Wood is a moderately renewable resource and is biodegradable. However, most paints and stains used to treat wood are not environmentally friendly and can be toxic. Wood siding can provide some minor insulation and structural properties as compared to thinner cladding materials.

Shingles

Wood shingles or irregular cedar "shake" siding was used in early New England construction, and was revived in Shingle Style and Queen Anne style architecture in the late 19th century.

Clapboards

Wood siding in overlapping horizontal rows or "courses" is called clapboard, weatherboard (British English), or bevel siding which is made with beveled boards, thin at the top edge and thick at the butt.

In colonial North America, Eastern white pine was the most common material. Wood siding can also be made of naturally rot-resistant woods such as redwood or cedar.

Drop siding

Jointed horizontal siding (also called "drop" siding or novelty siding) may be shiplapped or tongue and grooved (though less common). Drop siding comes in a wide variety of face finishes, including Dutch Lap (also called German or Cove Lap) and log siding (milled with curve).

Vertical boards

Vertical siding may have a cover over the joint: board and batten, popular in American wooden Carpenter Gothic houses; or less commonly behind the joint called batten and board or reversed board and batten.

Wooden sheet siding

Plywood sheet siding is sometimes used on inexpensive buildings, sometimes with grooves to imitate vertical shiplap siding. One example of such grooved plywood siding is the type called Texture 1–11, T1-11, or T111 ("tee-one-eleven"). There is also a product known as reverse board-and-batten RBB that looks similar but has deeper grooves. Some of these products may be thick enough and rated for structural applications if properly fastened to studs. Both T-11 and RBB sheets are quick and easy to install as long as they are installed with compatible flashing at butt joints.

Stone siding

Slate shingles may be simple in form but many buildings with slate siding are highly decorative.

Plastic siding

Wood clapboard is often imitated using vinyl siding or uPVC weatherboarding. It is usually produced in units twice as high as clapboard. Plastic imitations of wood shingle and wood shakes also exist.

Since plastic siding is a manufactured product, it may come in unlimited color choices and styles. Historically vinyl sidings would fade, crack and buckle over time, requiring the siding to be replaced. However, newer vinyl options have improved and resist damage and wear better. Vinyl siding is sensitive to direct heat from grills, barbecues or other sources. Unlike wood, vinyl siding does not provide additional insulation for the building, unless an insulation material (e.g., foam) has been added to the product. It has also been criticized by some fire safety experts for its heat sensitivity. This sensitivity makes it easier for a house fire to jump to neighboring houses in comparison to materials such as brick, metal or masonry.

Vinyl siding has a potential environmental cost. While vinyl siding can be recycled, it cannot be burned (due to toxic dioxin gases that would be released). If dumped in a landfill, plastic siding does not break down quickly.

Vinyl siding is also considered one of the more unattractive siding choices by many. Although newer options and proper installation can eliminate this complaint, vinyl siding often has visible seam lines between panels and generally do not have the quality appearance of wood, brick, or masonry. The fading and cracking of older types of plastic siding compound this issue. In many areas of newer housing development, particularly in North America, entire neighbourhoods are often built with all houses clad in vinyl siding, given an unappealing uniformity. Some cities now campaign for house developers to incorporate varied types of siding during construction.

Imitation brick or stone–asphalt siding

A predecessor to modern maintenance free sidings was asphalt brick siding. Asphalt impregnated panels (about 2 by 4 ft or 0.61 by 1.22 m) give the appearance of brick or even stone. Many buildings have this siding, especially old sheds and garages. If the panels are straight and level and not damaged, the only indication that they are not real brick may be seen at the corner caps. Trademarked names included Insulbrick, Insulstone, Insulwood. Commonly used names now are faux brick, lick-it-and-stick-it brick, and ghetto brick. Often such siding is now covered with newer metal or plastic siding. Today thin panels of real brick are manufactured for veneer or siding.

Insulated siding

Insulated siding has emerged as a new siding category in recent years. Considered an improvement over vinyl siding, insulated siding is custom fit with expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) that is fused to the back of the siding, which fills the gap between the home and the siding.

Products provide environmental advantages by reducing energy use by up to 20 percent. On average, insulated siding products have an R-value of 3.96, triple that of other exterior cladding materials. Insulated siding products are typically Energy Star qualified, engineered in compliance with environmental standards set by the U.S. Department of Energy and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

In addition to reducing energy consumption, insulated siding is a durable exterior product, designed to last more than 50 years, according to manufacturers. The foam provides rigidity for a more ding- and wind-resistant siding, maintaining a quality look for the life of the products. The foam backing also creates straighter lines when hung, providing a look more like that of wood siding, while remaining low maintenance.

Manufacturers report that insulated siding is permeable or "breathable", allowing water vapor to escape, which can protect against rot, mold and mildew, and help maintain healthy indoor air quality.

Metal siding

Metal siding comes in a variety of metals, styles, and colors. It is most often associated with modern, industrial, and retro buildings. Utilitarian buildings often use corrugated galvanized steel sheet siding or cladding, which often has a coloured vinyl finish. Corrugated aluminum cladding is also common where a more durable finish is required, while also being lightweight for easy shaping and installing making it a popular metal siding choice.

Formerly, imitation wood clapboard was made of aluminum (aluminum siding). That role is typically played by vinyl siding today. Aluminum siding is ideal for homes in coastal areas with much moisture and salt, since aluminum reacts with air to form aluminum oxide, an extremely hard coating that seals the aluminum surface from further degradation. In contrast, steel forms rust, which can weaken the structure of the material, and corrosion-resistant coatings for steel, such as zinc, sometimes fail around the edges as years pass. However, an advantage of steel siding can be its dent-resistance, which is excellent for regions with severe storms—especially if the area is prone to hail.

The first architectural application of aluminum was the mounting of a small grounding cap on the Washington Monument in 1884. Sheet-iron or steel clapboard siding units had been patented in 1903, and Sears, Roebuck & Company had been offering embossed steel siding in stone and brick patterns in their catalogues for several years by the 1930s. Alcoa began promoting the use of aluminum in architecture by the 1920s when it produced ornamental spandrel panels for the Cathedral of Learning and the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings in New York. The exterior of the A.O. Smith Corporation Building in Milwaukee was clad entirely in aluminum by 1930, and 3-foot-square (0.91 m) siding panels of Duralumin sheet from Alcoa sheathed an experimental exhibit house for the Architectural League of New York in 1931. Most architectural applications of aluminum in the 1930s were on a monumental scale, and it was another six years before it was put to use on residential construction.

In the first few years after World War II, manufacturers began developing and widely distributing aluminum siding. Among them Indiana businessman Frank Hoess was credited with the invention of the configuration seen on modern aluminum siding. His experiments began in 1937 with steel siding in imitation of wooden clapboards. Other types of sheet metal and steel siding on the market at the time presented problems with warping, creating openings through which water could enter, introducing rust. Hoess remedied this problem through the use of a locking joint, which was formed by small flap at the top of each panel that joined with a U-shaped flange on the lower edge of the previous panel thus forming a watertight horizontal seam. After he had received a patent for his siding in 1939, Hoess produced a small housing development of about forty-four houses covered in his clapboard-style steel siding for blue-collar workers in Chicago. His operations were curtailed when war plants commandeered the industry. In 1946 Hoess allied with Metal Building Products of Detroit, a corporation that promoted and sold Hoess siding of Alcoa aluminum. Their product was used on large housing projects in the northeast and was purportedly the siding of choice for a 1947 Pennsylvania development, the first subdivision to solely use aluminum siding. Products such as 4,-6,-8-and-10-inch (100, 150, 200 and 250 mm) by 12-foot (3.7 m) unpainted aluminum panels, starter strips, corner pieces and specialized application clips were assembled in the Indiana shop of the Hoess brothers. Siding could be applied over conventional wooden clapboards, or it could be nailed to studs via special clips affixed to the top of each panel. Insulation was placed between studs. While the Hoess Brothers company continued to function for about twelve more years after the dissolution of the Metal Building Products Corporation in 1948, they were less successful than rising siding companies like Reynolds Metals.^[1]^[2]

Thatch siding

Thatch is an ancient and very widespread building material used on roofs and walls. Thatch siding is made with dry vegetation such as longstraw, water reeds, or combed wheat reed. The materials are overlapped and weaved in patterns designed to deflect and direct water.

Masonry siding

Stone and masonry veneer is sometimes considered siding, are varied and can accommodate a variety of styles—from formal to rustic. Though masonry can be painted or tinted to match many color palettes, it is most suited to neutral earth tones, and coatings such as roughcast and pebbeldash. Masonry has excellent durability (over 100 years), and minimal maintenance is required. The primary drawback to masonry siding is the initial cost.

Precipitation can threaten the structure of buildings, so it is important that the siding will be able to withstand the weather conditions in the local region. For rainy regions, exterior insulation finishing systems (EIFS) have been known to suffer underlying wood rot problems with excessive moisture exposure.

The environmental impact of masonry depends on the type of material used. In general, concrete and concrete based materials are intensive energy materials to produce. However, the long durability and minimal maintenance of masonry sidings mean that less energy is required over the life of the siding.

Composite siding

Various composite materials are also used for siding: asphalt shingles, asbestos, fiber cement, aluminum (ACM), fiberboard, hardboard, etc. They may be in the form of shingles or boards, in which case they are sometimes called clapboard.

Composite sidings are available in many styles and can mimic the other siding options. Composite materials are ideal for achieving a certain style or 'look' that may not be suited to the local environment (e.g., corrugated aluminum siding in an area prone to severe storms; steel in coastal climates; wood siding in termite-infested regions).

Costs of composites tend to be lower than wood options, but vary widely as do installation, maintenance and repair requirements. Not surprisingly, the durability and environmental impact of composite sidings depends on the specific materials used in the manufacturing process.

Fiber cement siding is a class of composite siding that is usually made from a combination of cement, cellulose (wood), sand, and water. They are either coated or painted in the factory or installed and then painted after installation. Fiber cement is popular for its realistic look, durability, low-maintenance properties, fire resistance, and its lightweight properties compared to traditional wood siding. Composite siding products containing cellulose (wood fibers) have been shown to have problems with deterioration, delamination, or loss of coating adhesion in certain climates or under certain environmental conditions.

A younger class of non-wood synthetic siding has sprouted in the past 15 years. These products are usually made from a combination of non-wood materials such as polymeric resins, fiberglass, stone, sand, and fly ash and are chosen for their durability, curb appeal, and ease of maintenance. Given the newness of such technologies, product lifespan can only be estimated, varieties are limited, and distribution is sporadic.

[1]

[2]

Material	Secret Benefits	CRG's Advantage
Vinyl	Low maintenance, weather-resistant	Professional setup guaranteeing lasting finish
Fiber Cement	Resilient, fire-resistant, mimics wood	Accuracy cutting and sealing for remarkable protection
Wood	Natural appeal, personalized	Treatment services to prevent rot and pests
Metal	Modern appearance, strong and recyclable	Seamless fitting and corrosion defense

Sign	What It Means	Advised Action
Fading or staining	UV damage or paint deterioration	Repaint or apply UV-resistant sealant
Loose panels or nails	Wind damage or poor installation	Refasten or change affected sections
Soft spots or rot	Water seepage	Change harmed siding immediately

Technique	Environmental Benefit	Expert Insight
Rain Screen Systems	Improves wetness management, extending siding life	CRG uses advanced drainage methods that avoid water damage, removing mold development and wood rot
Low-Emission Coatings	Reduces harmful chemical release throughout and after application	They select finishes that secure without contaminating, making sure healthier air quality for house owners
Product Reuse	Decreases landfill waste by repurposing salvageable siding	CRG carefully examines old products, typically offering them a 2nd life instead of trashing them

National Aquarium	The National Aquarium in Baltimore, MD, displays a wide range of marine life in engaging exhibits, including a stunning tropical rainforest and a captivating shark tank. It provides educational programs and interactive experiences that emphasize aquatic conservation and environmental awareness.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aquarium
Inner Harbor	The Inner Harbor in Baltimore, MD, is a lively waterfront area known for its beautiful views, classic ships, and lively entertainment options. It features attractions like the National Aquarium, galleries, stores, and dining spots, making it a favored destination for both locals and tourists.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Harbor
Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine	Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine in Baltimore, MD is a historic coastal fort renowned for its part in the War of 1812, influencing the U.S. national anthem. Visitors can tour the well-preserved fortifications and learn about its role in American history.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McHenry
Oriole Park at Camden Yards	Oriole Park at Camden Yards is a classic baseball stadium in Baltimore MD, known for its traditional design and modern amenities. It serves as the home of the Baltimore Orioles and is renowned for renewing the ballpark experience in Major League Baseball.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriole_Park_at_Camden_Yards
American Visionary Art Museum	The American Visionary Art Museum in Baltimore, MD, features unique, self-taught art created by inspired artists. It features diverse exhibitions that highlight creativity, imagination, and outsider art.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Visionary_Art_Museum
Walters Art Museum	The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, MD, holds an vast collection of art ranging from ancient times to the 19th century, showcasing works from around the world. It provides visitors a deep cultural experience through its wide-ranging exhibitions and educational programs.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum
Baltimore Museum of Art	The Baltimore Museum of Art boasts an comprehensive collection of 19th-century, modern, and contemporary art, including the largest assembly of works by Henri Matisse. It is a cultural institution in Baltimore MD, providing diverse exhibitions, educational programs, and community events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art
Maryland Science Center	The Maryland Science Center in Baltimore MD offers engaging exhibits and interactive activities that investigate various scientific concepts. It features an astronomical observatory, a sky theater, and captivating programs for visitors of all ages.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Science_Center
Historic Ships in Baltimore	Historic Ships in Baltimore features a collection of maintained naval vessels providing a insight into maritime history. Visitors can explore iconic ships such as the USS Constellation and the Lightship Chesapeake, enjoying Baltimore's deep naval heritage up close.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Ships_in_Baltimore
Fell's Point	Fell's Point is a historic waterfront neighborhood in Baltimore MD, renowned for its cobblestone streets, vibrant nightlife, and carefully preserved 18th-century architecture. It offers a mix of distinctive shops, restaurants, and picturesque views of the Inner Harbor.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell%27s_Point,_Baltimore
Little Italy	Little Italy in Baltimore, MD is a quaint neighborhood known for its deep Italian heritage and genuine dining experiences. It features cobblestone streets, vibrant festivals, and family-owned restaurants offering traditional Italian cuisine.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Italy,_Baltimore
Federal Hill Park	Federal Hill Park in Baltimore, MD, provides stunning panoramic vistas of the Inner Harbor and urban skyline. This historic site boasts a spacious green space with walking trails, picnic spots, and a monument commemorative of its Civil War heritage.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Hill,_Baltimore
Cylburn Arboretum	Cylburn Arboretum is a heritage public park and wildlife sanctuary in Baltimore, Maryland, featuring varied plant collections and scenic walking trails. It offers visitors a tranquil environment for outdoor recreation, horticultural education, and seasonal events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylburn_Arboretum
Druid Hill Park	Druid Hill Park is a vintage municipal park in Baltimore MD, Maryland, featuring lush landscapes, a big lake, and recreational facilities. It offers visitors hiking paths, a conservatory, and the Maryland Zoo, making it a favored destination for outside activities and family outings.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid_Hill_Park
Patterson Park	Patterson Park is a historic park in Baltimore, Maryland, known for its scenic walking trails, playgrounds, and the iconic Pagoda offering panoramic city views. It serves as a popular community gathering space for open-air activities and cultural events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson_Park_(Baltimore)
Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum	The Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum in Baltimore, MD, is the restored old home of the renowned American writer known for his dark and eerie tales. Visitors can discover displays about Poe's life, works, and his ongoing influence on literature.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_House_and_Museum
Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum	The Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum in Baltimore, MD, celebrates the life and contributions of baseball icon Babe Ruth. It features exhibits showcasing his career, memorabilia, and the historic home where he was born.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth_Birthplace_and_Museum
Reginald F Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History and Culture	The Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History and Culture in Baltimore MD showcases the rich history and contributions of African Americans in Maryland. It includes exhibits on art, culture, and history, emphasizing influential figures and events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_F._Lewis_Museum_of_Maryland_African_American_History_and_Culture
Maryland Zoo in Baltimore	The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore is a well-known attraction featuring a diverse collection of animals and captivating exhibits. It offers informative programs and conservation efforts, making it a family-oriented destination in Baltimore, MD.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Zoo
Lexington Market	Lexington Market is a historic bazaar in Baltimore MD, Maryland, known for its diverse food vendors and dynamic atmosphere. It offers a broad range of freshly caught seafood, local produce, and classic Baltimore dishes, welcoming both locals and tourists.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Market
Mount Vernon Place	Mount Vernon Place in Baltimore MD, is a noteworthy urban space known for its breathtaking architecture and the emblematic Washington Monument at its center. The zone displays exquisitely preserved 19th-century buildings, exhibitions, and vibrant cultural draws.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Place
Washington Monument	The Washington Monument in Baltimore, MD, is a historic obelisk commemorating George Washington, standing proudly in Mount Vernon Place. It is a significant landmark and favored tourist attraction, offering breathtaking views of the city from its observation deck.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)
Baltimore Basilica	The Baltimore Basilica, also known as the National Shrine Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is the earliest Roman Catholic cathedral established in the United States. Located in Baltimore, MD, it is renowned for its beautiful neoclassical architecture and historical significance.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary
Holocaust Memorial	The Holocaust Memorial in Baltimore, MD, is a solemn tribute paying respect to the victims and survivors of the Holocaust. It serves as a place for contemplation, instruction, and commemoration of the horrors committed during World War II.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Holocaust_Memorial
B&O Railroad Museum	The B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, MD, exhibits the heritage of American railroading with an extensive collection of locomotives and railroad artifacts. It offers interactive exhibits and historic train rides, making it a popular destination for history and train enthusiasts.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum
Visionary Village	Visionary Village in Baltimore, MD, is a imaginative community hub highlighting innovative art, design, and technology. It serves as a vibrant space for partnership, exhibitions, and cultural events.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Visionary_Art_Museum
The Maryland Center for History and Culture	The Maryland Center for History and Culture in Baltimore showcases the deep history and varied culture of Maryland through captivating exhibits and programs. It functions as a center for research, education, and preservation of the state's heritage.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Historical_Society
Port Discovery Children's Museum	Port Discovery Children's Museum in Baltimore, MD, provides engaging displays and participatory activities designed to inspire creativity and learning for children of all ages. It creates a entertaining and educational environment where kids can explore science, art, and imaginative play.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Discovery
Pier Six Pavilion	Pier Six Pavilion is a famous outdoor amphitheater located on the Inner Harbor in Baltimore, MD, known for hosting concerts and live entertainment. It offers picturesque waterfront views and a lively atmosphere, attracting both residents and tourists.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Six_Pavilion
Power Plant Live	Power Plant Live is a vibrant entertainment venue in Baltimore MD, featuring a variety of restaurants, bars, and live music venues. It is a well-known destination for nightlife and social gatherings in the city's Inner Harbor area.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Plant_(Baltimore)

House exterior upgrades

House exterior upgrades: Setting Up Outside Cladding Can Greatly Enhance Your Home'S Curb Appeal And Defense

Checking Out Various Kinds Of Siding Products

Common Challenges House Owners Face

How CRG Roofing and Siding Elevates Your Outside

What Makes the Distinction?

Mastering the Art of Siding Setup

Accuracy in Preparation

Secret Installation Techniques

Insider Tips for a Perfect Complete

Why CRG Roofing and Siding Excels

Maintenance and Repair Tips

Professional Tips to Keep Your Siding in Tip-Top Shape

Translating the Signs of Siding Use

Why Waiting Isn't a Choice

Ecological Effect and Sustainability in Siding

Expert Tips for Sustainable Siding Choices

Ingenious Techniques to Lowering Ecological Footprint

Exterior Cladding Solutions in Baltimore, MD

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