Hvac Service Near Me: Expert A/c Service Ensures Your Home Stays Cool And Comfortable Throughout Hot Days

Kinds Of Air Conditioner Repair Work Services

Ever had your air conditioning system sputter to a stop just as the summer sun peaks? It's a frustrating situation-- one that makes you understand how lots of parts need to work in harmony for cool air to circulation. From frozen coils to refrigerant leaks, the difficulties vary, however the services do not need to be a secret.

Typical Air Conditioner Repair Categories

• Refrigerant Recharge and Leak Repair Work: Without the best quantity of refrigerant, your system struggles to cool your area. Determining leakages is important to restoring efficiency.
• Compressor and Fan Motor Repairs: These elements are the heart and lungs of your a/c. When they fail, air flow and cooling capability drop.
• Thermostat Calibration and Replacement: In some cases the perpetrator is your thermostat sending out mixed signals-- changing or switching it out brings convenience back on track.
• Electrical Component Repair: Faulty circuitry or capacitors interrupt performance, often causing unforeseen shutdowns or irregular habits.
• Drain Line Cleansing and Repair Work: Blocked condensate lines can cause water damage and system shutdowns if ignored.

How Bold City Heating and Air Deals With These Difficulties

Envision strolling into your home after a sweltering day, welcomed by an oasis of cool air. Bold City Heating and Air changes that dream into reality by mastering every facet of air conditioner repair. They do not just patch leaks or swap parts-- they diagnose the source with surgical precision.

Frozen coils? They thaw the problem and prevent future freeze-ups. Electrical glitches? They trace every wire to ensure stability and safety. Thermostat problems? They tweak settings for perfect environment control. No issue is too twisted, no malfunction too obscure.

What sets Bold City apart is their dedication to thoroughness. Each repair unfolds like a carefully choreographed dance, ensuring your system runs efficiently, efficiently, and silently. It's not almost repairing what's broken; it has to do with bring back comfort and cool comfort, all while extending the life of your system.

Deciphering the Mysteries of AC Breakdowns

Envision stepping into your home after a scorching day, just to be greeted by a wave of warm, stagnant air. That sinking sensation? It usually indicates your cooling system is struggling. Amongst the myriad of missteps, refrigerant leakages often play the villain. Not only do they sap the cooling power, but they quietly erode effectiveness, leaving your energy expenses to balloon. Have you ever wondered why your a/c cycles on and off so frequently? This phenomenon, called brief biking, could be the system's desperate cry for aid due to filthy filters or defective thermostat calibration.

Professional Insights: Decoding the Indications

Bold City Heating and Air recognizes how annoying it can be when your system refuses to blow cold air or, worse, floods your home with unanticipated wetness. Their specialists approach each concern with a detective's accuracy. For example, obstructed condensate drains pipes frequently masquerade as small annoyances but can cause water damage if ignored.

Idea Only Pros Share

• Frequently check and clean your evaporator coil; dust accumulation can minimize cooling performance by approximately 30%.
• Ensure your thermostat is put far from direct sunlight or heat-emitting appliances to prevent incorrect readings.
• Listen for unusual noises like rattling or hissing-- these typically precede compressor or refrigerant issues.
• Inspect for ice development on coils; it signifies air flow restriction and demands immediate attention.

Common Issues and Their Remedies

Essential Instruments for Identifying Air Conditioning Problems

Ever tried repairing an air conditioning unit with just a screwdriver and a prayer? The truth is much more technical. The heart of efficient a/c repair depend on the accuracy of the tools wielded. A manifold gauge set, for circumstances, isn't simply an expensive device; it's the mechanic's stethoscope, exposing the surprise pressures within the system's veins. Without it, guessing the refrigerant levels resembles checking out tea leaves.

Bold City Heating and Air comprehends how crucial these subtle readings are. They approach each system with a toolkit that's not just detailed but carefully calibrated, making sure every twist, turn, and valve modification strikes the mark. Their understanding of the nuances in pressure changes and temperature gradients changes a task from guesswork to science.

Tools That Transform Repair Work into Art

• Digital Multimeter: Measures voltage, present, and resistance. Discovers electrical faults that can silently sabotage your a/c unit.
• Thermometer: Necessary for pinpointing temperature differentials throughout coils, suggesting air flow or refrigerant issues.
• Drip Detectors: Using UV color or electronic sensors, these reveal the undetectable leakages that drain effectiveness.
• Vacuum Pumps: Leave wetness and air, essential in preparing the system for a perfect recharge.

In my experience, even the smallest neglected detail-- like a somewhat worn out gasket-- can waterfall into a system-wide inefficiency - Bold City Heating and Air. Bold City's specialists don't just fix; they prepare for the subtle whispers of wear and tear before they scream out as breakdowns

Expert Tips from the Field

1. Constantly double-check manifold gauge readings at different times of the day; ambient temperature level shifts can affect accuracy.
2. Utilize a microamp clamp meter to detect faint electrical draws that suggest failing capacitors or motors.
3. When leaving a system, watch for the "searching" effect in the vacuum gauge, an expert idea showing trapped moisture.

Tools are only as great as the hands that wield them. Bold City Heating and Air's mastery of their instruments elevates cooling repair work from a simple service to a carefully tuned craft.

Essential Security Procedures for Air Conditioning Repair Work

Electrical threats prowl in every corner of air conditioning system repair work, specifically when handling capacitors holding recurring charge. Have you ever wondered why an abrupt jolt can amaze even experienced technicians? It's due to the fact that a charged capacitor can store unsafe energy long after the system is powered down. That's why Bold City Heating and Air demands extensive discharge procedures before touching any components.

Working around refrigerants demands not only precision but likewise alertness. Leakages can calmly poison the air or trigger frostbite on contact. When dealing with these undetectable risks, protective gear isn't optional-- it's a lifeline. They understand that fumbling without appropriate gloves and goggles belongs to dancing with risk.

For those venturing into DIY fixes, heed these specialist ideas:

• Constantly cut power at the breaker panel before opening the system.
• Use a multimeter to validate no voltage before proceeding.
• Use insulated gloves and eye defense to defend against electrical shock and refrigerant exposure.
• Deal with refrigerant lines with care-- prevent leaks or sharp bends that can cause leakages.
• Keep a fire extinguisher ranked for electrical fires nearby.

Imagine the scary of an abrupt trigger in a dusty, enclosed space-- fires spark in the blink of an eye. Bold City Heating and Air's service technicians utilize careful cleansing routines to remove dust build-up that may otherwise sustain accidental combustion.

Security Checklist Before Beginning Repair Work

In the realm of AC repair, rushing through safety checks resembles avoiding actions on a high wire-- one bad move can waterfall into calamity. Bold City Heating and Air's commitment to these safety measures changes a dangerous venture into a controlled, predictable operation. They stay alert, knowing that real proficiency in a/c repair work is as much about securing lives as it is about bring back convenience.

Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a lively city understood for its substantial park system, stunning beaches, and growing arts scene. As the largest city by location in the continental United States, it uses citizens and visitors plenty of outside activities, consisting of boating along the St - Bold City Heating and Air. Johns River and checking out the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The city's warm environment makes effective air conditioning necessary for convenience and health throughout the year

For those in requirement of cooling services, Bold City Heating and Air provides expert assistance and totally free assessments to help ensure your home or company stays cool and comfy. Reach out to them for trustworthy suggestions and options on air conditioner repair tailored to your requirements.

1. Air Conditioning Installation: Proper placement of cooling systems assures efficient and agreeable indoor climates. This crucial process guarantees best performance and durability of climate control units.
2. Air Conditioner: ACs chill indoor spaces by removing heat and moisture. Proper installation by qualified technicians ensures effective operation and ideal climate control.
3. Hvac: Hvac systems adjust temperature and air's condition. They are crucial for creating environmental control solutions in buildings.
4. Thermostat: A Thermostat is the primary component for regulating temperature in HVAC systems. It tells the cooling unit to activate and deactivate, keeping the preferred indoor environment.
5. Refrigerant: Refrigerant is essential for cooling systems, extracting heat to generate cool air. Correct handling of refrigerants is essential during HVAC setup for effective and secure operation.
6. Compressor: The Compressor is a vital heart of your cooling system, pumping refrigerant. The process is critical for efficient temperature control in climate control setups.
7. Evaporator Coil: The Evaporator Coil absorbs heat from indoor air, cooling it down. This component is essential for effective climate control system setup in buildings.
8. Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil is an essential component in cooling systems, dissipating heat outside. It promotes the heat exchange needed for effective indoor climate management.
9. Ductwork: Ductwork is vital for dispersing conditioned air throughout a building. Correct duct planning and arrangement are vital for efficient climate management system location.
10. Ventilation: Effective Ventilation is essential for suitable air flow and indoor air quality. It has a critical role in assuring peak operation and efficiency of climate control equipment.
11. Heat Pump: Heat pumps move heat, providing both heating and cooling. They're vital components in modern climate control system setups, providing energy-efficient temperature regulation.
12. Split System: Split systems offer both cooling and heating via an indoor unit linked to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless solution for temperature regulation in specific rooms or areas.
13. Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems chill entire homes from a single, potent unit. Correct installation of these systems is crucial for efficient and functional home cooling.
14. Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling effectiveness: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio shows improved performance and reduced energy use for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can substantially lower long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
15. Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressors alter refrigeration output to match demand, boosting efficiency and comfort in HVAC systems. This precise adjustment decreases power loss and preserves stable temperatures in building environments.
16. Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures effective operation and lifespan in cooling systems. Neglecting it can lead to expensive repairs or system failures when establishing climate control.
17. Air Filter: Air Filter trap dust and particles, making sure of pure air flow inside HVAC systems. This improves system efficiency and indoor air condition during climate control setup.
18. Installation Manual: An Installation Manual gives crucial guidance for properly setting up a cooling system. It assures proper procedures are used for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
19. Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is essential for supplying power to and controlling the components of climate control systems. Suitable wiring ensures safe and effective operation of the cooling and heating units.
20. Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit distributes conditioned air within a space. It's a critical part for HVAC systems, making sure of proper temperature regulation in buildings.
21. Outdoor Unit: The Outdoor Unit contains the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat outside. It's crucial for a full climate control system setup, guaranteeing efficient cooling inside.
22. Maintenance: Regular care ensures effective performance and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents breakdowns and improves the efficiency of installed cooling systems.
23. Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is essential for lowering energy use and expenses when establishing new climate control systems. Emphasizing effective equipment and suitable installation reduces environmental effect and maximizes long-term savings.
24. Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat transfers and converts energy, crucial for cooling system system. Efficient climate control design relies on thermodynamic principles to maximize energy use during setup location.
25. Building Codes: Construction regulations guarantee suitable and safe HVAC system arrangement in buildings. They regulate aspects like energy performance and ventilation for climate control systems.
26. Load Calculation: Load calculations figures out the warming and chilling needs of a space. It's essential for picking appropriately dimensioned HVAC equipment for efficient climate control.
27. Mini Split: Mini Splits offer a no-duct approach to climate control, offering focused heating and cooling. Their ease of placement makes them appropriate for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is impractical.
28. Air Handler: The Air Handler moves treated air around a building. It is a critical component for correct climate control system setup.
29. Insulation: Thermal protection is essential for maintaining effective temperature control within a building. It minimizes heat transfer, reducing the workload on air conditioning and improving temperature setups.
30. Drainage System: Drainage Systems clear liquids created by air conditioning equipment. Proper drainage prevents water damage and guarantees optimal operation of climate control setups.
31. Filter: Filters are critical parts that remove pollutants from the air during the installation of climate control systems. This guarantees cleaner air flow and safeguards the system's inner components.
32. Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems regulate indoor environment by controlling temperature, humidity, and air condition. Proper installation of these systems ensures efficient and effective cooling and environmental control within buildings.
33. Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners offer effective refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design simplifies the process of establishing climate control in homes and businesses.
34. Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are trained experts who specialize in the setup of climate control systems. They ensure appropriate functionality and effectiveness of these systems for optimal indoor comfort.
35. Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air greatly affects comfort and health, so HVAC system setup should emphasize filtration and ventilation. Appropriate system planning and installation is vital for improving air quality.
36. Condensate Drain: This Condensate Drain removes water created during the cooling process, stopping harm and keeping system efficiency. Proper drain setup is crucial for successful climate control device and long-term performance.
37. Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately regulate refrigerant amount to various zones, offering tailored cooling and heating. The technology is essential for establishing efficient and flexible climate control in building environments.
38. Building Automation System: Building automation systems coordinate and streamline the operation of HVAC devices. This results in improved climate control and energy efficiency in buildings.
39. Air Conditioning: HVAC systems regulate indoor temperature and atmosphere. Proper setup of these systems is crucial for efficient and effective climate control.
40. Temperature Control: Precise temperature control is crucial for efficient climate control system installation. It ensures optimal performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
41. Thermistor: Temperature-sensitive resistors are thermistors used in weather control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data helps to control system performance, ensuring peak performance and energy efficiency in ecological control setups.
42. Thermocouple: Thermocouples are devices crucial for assuring proper HVAC system installation. They precisely measure temperature, allowing precise modifications and peak climate control function.
43. Digital Thermostat: Digital Thermostats precisely regulate temperature, optimizing HVAC system operation. They are important for establishing home climate control systems, guaranteeing effective and comfortable environments.
44. Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats optimize climate control systems by enabling customized temperature routines. This results in enhanced energy efficiency and comfort in home cooling setups.
45. Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostats optimize house temperature management by understanding user desires and changing temperatures on their own. They play a key role in today's HVAC system configurations, improving energy efficiency and convenience.
46. Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, made up of two metals with different expansion rates, bends in response to temperature variations. This property is used in HVAC systems to control thermostats and regulate heating or cooling processes.
47. Capillary Tube Thermostat: The Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely controls temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. This component is vital for keeping desired climate control inside buildings.
48. Thermostatic Expansion Valve: This Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant stream into the evaporator, maintaining optimal cooling. This component is crucial for efficient operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
49. Setpoint: Setpoint is the target temperature a climate control system aims to reach. It directs the system's performance during climate management setups to preserve desired comfort levels.
50. Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are essential for adjusting warming, air flow, and air conditioning systems by monitoring air temperature and assuring optimal climate control. Their data aids enhance system performance during climate control setup and maintenance.
51. Feedback Loop: A Feedback Loop aids in regulating temperature throughout climate control system installation by constantly monitoring and adjusting settings. This ensures peak performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
52. Control System: Control Systems control temperature, moisture, and airflow in air conditioning setups. They guarantee optimal comfort and energy efficiency in climate-controlled environments.
53. Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when components reach the same temperature, essential for effective climate control system installation. Proper balance guarantees maximum performance and energy conservation in installed cooling systems.
54. Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials move heat, affecting the cooling system configuration. Selecting materials with appropriate thermal properties guarantees optimal performance of installed climate control systems.
55. Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat flow, making sure of efficient cooling by lessening the workload on climate control systems. This enhances energy efficiency and preserves consistent temperatures in buildings.
56. On Off Control: On Off Control keeps wanted temperatures by completely activating or deactivating cooling systems. This easy way is important for regulating environment within buildings throughout environmental control system setup .
57. Pid Controller: PID Controllers precisely regulate temps in HVAC units. This ensures effective temperature regulation during building temperature configuration and functioning.
58. Evaporator: This Evaporator draws in heat from inside a location, cooling the air. It's a vital component in temperature control systems created for indoor comfort.
59. Condenser: This Condenser unit is a vital part in cooling equipment, rejecting heat extracted from the indoor space to the external environment. Its proper installation is crucial for effective climate control system location and performance.
60. Chlorofluorocarbon: Chlorofluorocarbons have been once common refrigerants that facilitated cooling in many building systems. Their part has decreased because of environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
61. Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbon are refrigerants typically used in refrigeration systems for buildings and cars. Their proper treatment is essential during the setup of environmental control systems to avoid environmental damage and assure efficient operation.
62. Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: HCFCs were previously widely used refrigerants in air conditioning systems for buildings. Their removal has led to the use of more environmentally friendly options for new HVAC installations.
63. Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a set period relative to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with lower GWP is key when setting up climate control systems to lessen environmental impact.
64. Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental dangers. Technicians servicing cooling systems must follow regulations to prevent further harm.
65. Phase Change: Phase Change of refrigerants are crucial for efficiently conveying heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles allow cooling by absorbing heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
66. Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are key for effective climate control system establishment. Understanding conduction, convection, and radiation guarantees optimal system performance and energy efficiency during the course of installing home cooling.
67. Refrigeration Cycle: The cooling process transfers heat, allowing refrigeration in climate-control systems. Correct setup and upkeep ensure effective performance and long life of these refrigeration options.
68. Environmental Protection Agency: EPA regulates refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system maintenance to safeguard the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians working with refrigeration equipment must be certified to ensure proper refrigerant handling and prevent environmental damage.
69. Leak Detection: Leak Detection guarantees the soundness of refrigerant pipes after climate control system placement. Spotting and addressing leaks is crucial for optimal performance and environmental safety of newly setup climate control systems.
70. Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are vital tools for checking refrigerant levels during HVAC system setup. They ensure peak performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within certain ranges for proper cooling operation.
71. Expansion Valve: The Expansion Valve governs refrigerant stream in cooling systems, permitting efficient heat absorption. It is a key component for maximum performance in environmental control setups.
72. Cooling Capacity: Cooling capacity decides how well a system can reduce the temperature of a room. Selecting the right level is essential for peak performance in environmental control system placement.
73. Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of removing and storing refrigerants during HVAC system installations. Properly recovering refrigerants prevents environmental damage and ensures efficient new cooling equipment installations.
74. Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling reclaims and reuses refrigerants, reducing environmental effects. This procedure is essential when installing climate control systems, guaranteeing proper disposal and preventing ozone depletion.
75. Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) supply vital information on the safe handling and potential hazards of chemicals utilized in cooling system setup. Technicians rely on SDS data to protect themselves and prevent accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
76. Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are essential fluids used in refrigeration systems to move heat. Their correct handling is crucial for efficient climate control installation and maintenance.
77. Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is vital for chilling buildings, permitting effective temperature regulation. It's a critical process in climate control system configuration, facilitating the movement of heat to supply comfortable indoor environments.
78. Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the basic process of heat extraction, utilizing refrigerant to take in and give off heat. This process is essential for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
79. Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors effectively compress refrigerant to power cooling systems. They are a critical component for effective temperature regulation in buildings.
80. Reciprocating Compressor: Piston pumps are vital components that squeeze refrigerant in cooling systems. They aid heat exchange, allowing effective climate control within buildings .
81. Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are critical parts that raise refrigerant stress in big climate control systems. They effectively move refrigerant, enabling effective cooling and heating throughout large areas.
82. Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors are a vital component in cooling systems, utilizing a rotating device to compress refrigerant. Their effectiveness and small size render them suitable for climate control setups in diverse applications.
83. Compressor Motor: This Compressor Motor serves as the main force behind the refrigeration process, circulating refrigerant. It is crucial for proper climate control system setup and operation in buildings.
84. Compressor Oil: Compressor lubricant lubricates and protects mechanical parts within a systems' compressor, ensuring effective refrigerant pressurization for proper climate control. It is crucial to choose the right type of oil during system setup to ensure durability and peak function of the refrigeration unit.
85. Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch checks refrigerant stages, making sure the system works safely. It stops harm by turning off the cooling apparatus if pressure drops beyond the ok spectrum.
86. Compressor Relay: A Compressor Relay is an electrical device that manages the compressor motor in cooling systems. It guarantees the compressor begins and ceases correctly, enabling effective temperature control within climate control setups.
87. Suction Line: The Suction Line, a essential part in cooling systems, moves refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Proper sizing and insulation of this line is vital for effective system performance during climate control setup.
88. Discharge Line: The discharge line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper sizing and setup of this discharge line are critical for the best cooling system setup.
89. Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling capability of a system for indoor temperature control. Selecting the right size ensures effective temperature control during climate control installation.
90. Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the quantity of heat that must to be taken away from a space to keep a preferred temperature. Accurate cooling load calculation is important for appropriate HVAC system setup and size.
91. Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate optimally after they are installed. It's essential for keeping effective climate control systems installed.
92. Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leakage decrease cooling effectiveness and can cause equipment failure. Resolving these leakages is vital for proper climate control system installation, assuring maximum operation and longevity.
93. Seer Rating: SEER score shows an HVAC system's cooling performance, impacting long-term energy expenses. Elevated SEER numbers imply increased energy conservation when setting up climate control.
94. Hspf Rating: HSPF rating shows the heating effectiveness of heat pumps. Increased ratings suggest better energy effectiveness during climate control configuration.
95. Preventative Maintenance: Preventative servicing makes sure HVAC systems work effectively and reliably after installation. Consistent maintenance lessens failures and extends the lifespan of climate control setups.
96. Airflow: Airflow assures efficient cooling and heating distribution across a building. Suitable Airflow is essential for optimal performance and comfort in climate control systems.
97. Electrical Components: Electrical Components are vital for energizing and managing systems that govern indoor climate. They guarantee proper performance, safety, and efficiency in heating and cooling systems.
98. Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the procedure of introducing the proper quantity of refrigerant to a cooling system. This guarantees peak performance and effectiveness when setting up climate control units.
99. System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process detects possible issues before, during, and following HVAC system installation. It guarantees peak performance and prevents future problems in climate control setups.
100. Hvac System: Hvac System control temperature, humidity, and air quality in buildings. They are essential for setting up climate control solutions in residential and business spaces.
101. Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning provide focused cooling and heating lacking extensive ductwork. They simplify temperature control setup in rooms lacking pre-existing duct systems.
102. Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone units installed in windows to chill individual rooms. They offer a straightforward way for localized climate control within a building.
103. Portable Air Conditioner: Portable AC units provide a versatile temperature-control option for spaces without central systems. They can also offer short-term temperature regulation during HVAC system installations.
104. System Inspection: System Inspection ensures suitable setup of cooling systems by verifying part condition and compliance to installation standards. This procedure assures effective operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control systems.
105. Coil Cleaning: Coil Cleaning ensures effective heat transfer, crucial for peak system performance. This maintenance process is vital for correct installation of climate control systems.
106. Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is essential for restoring cooling ability in air conditioning units. It ensures optimal performance and lifespan of brand new temperature regulation devices.
107. Capacitor: Capacitors provide the necessary energy increase to begin and operate motors inside of climate control systems. Their correct function ensures effective and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
108. Contactor: The Contactor serves as an electrical switch that controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to activate when necessary.
109. Blower Motor: The Blower Motor moves air through the ductwork, enabling effective heating and cooling delivery within a building. It is a vital component for indoor climate control systems, guaranteeing stable temperature and airflow.
110. Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the functionality of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must resolve this issue to guarantee effective and reliable cooling operation.
111. Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and fixes problems that occur during climate control system setup. Effective troubleshooting guarantees optimal system performance and stops later problems during building cooling appliance installation.
112. Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and recycles spent refrigerants. This procedure is crucial for eco-friendly climate control system installation.
113. Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
114. Montreal Protocol: This Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances used in cooling systems. This change necessitates using alternative refrigerants in new climate control setups.
115. Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap warmth, affecting the power efficiency and environmental impact of weather control system configurations. Choosing refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is crucial for eco-friendly weather control execution.
116. Cfc: Chlorofluorocarbons were formerly vital refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings and vehicles. Their use has been discontinued due to their harmful impact on the ozone layer.
117. Hcfc: HCFCs were previously common refrigerants utilized in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. They eased the process of setting up climate control systems, but are now being discontinued due to their ozone-depleting properties.
118. Hfc: HFCs are generally used refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings. Their proper handling is critical during the setup of these systems to lessen environmental impact.
119. Refrigerant Oil: Cooling lubricant lubricates the compressor in cooling systems, assuring seamless performance and a long lifespan. It's essential for the proper operation of climate control setups.
120. Phase-Out: Phase-Out refers to the progressive removal of certain refrigerants with elevated global warming capacity. This impacts the selection and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
121. Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's ability to heat the planet if released. Lower GWP refrigerants are progressively favored in environmentally conscious HVAC system setups.
122. Odp: ODP refrigerants harm the ozone layer, affecting regulations for refrigeration system setup. Installers must utilize ozone-friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment installation.
123. Ashrae: ASHRAE sets standards and guidelines for HVAC systems installation. The criteria ensure effective and safe climate control systems application in buildings.
124. Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air quality control for indoor environments. They are critical for establishing cooling setups in buildings.
125. Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling system efficiency and may damage the environment. Correct procedures during climate control unit setup are crucial to avoid these leaks and ensure peak performance.
126. Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly affect decisions about switching to a new climate control system. Unexpected repair bills may encourage homeowners to invest in a complete home comfort setup for future savings.
127. Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation involves setting up heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It's critical for allowing efficient climate control within structures.
128. Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures efficient performance and prolongs system life. Proper upkeep is essential for seamless climate control system setups.
129. Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and fixes problems in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees peak performance during climate control unit installation and running.
130. Zoning Systems: Zoning schemes divide a building into separate areas for personalized temperature control. This strategy enhances well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC installation.
131. Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are vital components for effective climate control systems. Their choice greatly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort applications.
132. Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, determining how effectively the system cools a room for a given energy input. Improving this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
133. Compressor Overheating: Compressor Overheating can seriously harm the device's heart, leading to system malfunction. Proper installation guarantees sufficient airflow and refrigerant levels, avoiding this issue in climate control system placements.
134. Compressor Failure: Compressor malfunction halts the cooling process, demanding expert attention during climate control system configurations. A defective compressor compromises the entire system's performance and lifespan when integrating it into a building.
135. Overload Protector: An Overload Protector safeguards the compressor motor from getting too hot during climate control system setup. It stops harm by automatically shutting off power when excessive current or temperature is detected.
136. Fan Motor: Fan motors circulate air across evaporator and condenser coils, a crucial process for effective climate control system setup. They aid heat exchange, ensuring peak cooling and heating performance within the designated space.
137. Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are essential components that connect the inside and outside units, moving refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their correct installation is vital for streamlined and productive climate control system installation.
138. Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outside part in a cooling system. It removes heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature control.
139. Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is essential for cooling systems to effectively remove unwanted heat from a cooled area. Appropriate Heat Rejection ensures optimal performance and lifespan of climate control setups.
140. System Efficiency: System Efficiency is crucial for minimizing energy consumption and operational costs. Improving performance during climate control configuration ensures long-term savings and environmental benefits.
141. Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the reduction in fluid pressure as it flows through a setup, affecting airflow in climate control setups. Properly managing Pressure Drop is essential for optimal performance and efficiency in climate control systems.
142. Subcooling: Subcooling guarantees optimal system operation by cooling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This process stops flash gas, increasing cooling power and efficiency throughout HVAC equipment setup.
143. Superheat: Superheat ensures that just steam refrigerant goes into the compressor, preventing damage. It's important to determine superheat during HVAC system setup to optimize cooling performance and efficiency.
144. Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a system, vital for optimal cooling operation. Proper charging guarantees effective heat transfer and prevents damage during climate control installation.
145. Corrosion: Corrosion impairs metallic elements, possibly leading to leaks and system failures. Protecting against Corrosion is essential for keeping the effectiveness and longevity of climate control arrangements.
146. Fins: Blades augment the surface area of coils, boosting heat transfer effectiveness. This is vital for optimal performance in HVAC system setups.
147. Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is crucial for refrigerant transport in climate control systems because of its durability and effective heat transfer. Its reliable connections guarantee correct system operation during installation of thermostat units.
148. Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum piping is vital for conveying refrigerant in climate control systems. Its light and corrosion-resistant properties render them ideal for connecting indoor and outdoor units in HVAC installations.
149. Repair Costs: Unforeseen repairs can significantly affect the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

4.9(1,687)

Air conditioning repair service·

Overview

Reviews

About

Directions

Save

Nearby

Send to phone

Share

Book online

8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

Open 24 hours

boldcityac.com

boldcityac.com

+1 904-379-1648

6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

Identifies as veteran-owned

Your Maps activity

Add a label

Suggest an edit

From the owner

That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

Popular times

Mondays

6a

9a

12p

3p

6p

9p

12a

3a

Photos & videos

All

Latest11 days ago

Videos

Inside

By owner

Street View & 360°

Add photos & videos

Questions and answers

Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

More questions

Ask the community

Review summary

4.9

1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

Write a review

Reviews

Sort

All

company233

job98

call55

ducts51

+6

Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

New

DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

+4

Like

Share

Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

Like

Share

Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

Like

Share

Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

More reviews (1,684)

People also search for

Air McCall

4.9(1,471)

HVAC contractor

Indoor Quality Heating & Air

4.7(43)

HVAC contractor

Ball Air Conditioning, Inc.

4.6(62)

Air conditioning contractor

Hammond Heating & Air Conditioning

4.9(1,098)

HVAC contractor

Florida Home Air Conditioning

4.3(2,883)

Air conditioning repair service

Web results

About this data

Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

Schedule Now

Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

View Coupon

Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

---

At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

No Hidden Costs

High-Level Workmanship

Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

---

When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

• Keep Your Informed
• Target Your Goals

• Provide Honest Answers

Services

Cooling

Heating

Duct Cleaning

Maintenance

New System Installation

Number One For Heating & Cooling

---

Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

---

Previous

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

---

When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

---

Are You a New Customer?*YesNoAre You a New Customer?*

Inquiry About*Residential InstallationResidential RepairPreventative MaintenanceDuct CleaningBlow-in Attic InsulationService AgreementsIndoor Air QualityOtherInquiry About*

Submit

Bold City Heating & Air ✔️

🏠

Current address

8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1,Jacksonville, FL 32256,United States

🔗

Website

https://boldcityac.com/

📞

Phone

+19043791648

✔️

Business status

Claimed

📍

Latitude/Longitude

30.217562,-81.578579

🔖

Categories

Air conditioning repair service

🌎

Place ID

ChIJNyAf-ffJ5YgRYOdPsLEKe30

📝

Knowledge Panel ID (KG ID)

/g/11g6n8dppf

➕

CID Number

9041832435159918432

🏢

Business Profile ID

1926681825581721738

Other GMB details

⭐

Review list display link

https://search.google.com/local/reviews?placeid=ChIJNyAf-ffJ5YgRYOdPsLEKe30

👍

Review request link

https://search.google.com/local/writereview?placeid=ChIJNyAf-ffJ5YgRYOdPsLEKe30

🧠

Knowledge Panel page link

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf

📘

GMB Post URL

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf&uact=5#lpstate=pid:-1

🙋

Ask question request URL

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf&uact=5#lpqa=a,,d,1

☝️

Questions and answers URL

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf&uact=5#lpqa=d,2

🛒

Products

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11g6n8dppf#lpc=lpc

💁

Services

https://www.google.com/localservices/prolist?src=2&q=Bold%20City%20Heating%20%26%20Air%208400%20Baymeadows%20Way%20Suite%201%2CJacksonville%2C%20FL%2032256%2CUnited%20States

📇

Other GMB's at same address

https://www.google.com/maps/place/8400%20Baymeadows%20Way%20Suite%201%2CJacksonville%2C%20FL%2032256%2CUnited%20States

💻

GMB's with same website domain

https://www.google.com/search?q=%22boldcityac.com%22&tbm=lcl

⛓️

GMB link with Place ID

https://www.google.com/maps/place/?q=place_id:ChIJNyAf-ffJ5YgRYOdPsLEKe30

🏹

GMB link with CID

https://www.google.com/maps/place/?cid=9041832435159918432

External audit links

Below you will find links to external resources for additional information. These are external sites and is in no way related to GMB Everywhere.

SEO audit links

Website cache with Google

https://www.google.com/search?q=cache%3Aboldcityac.com

Website content indexed by Google

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aboldcityac.com

Website content indexed by Google last week

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aboldcityac.com&as_qdr=w

Website content indexed by Google last month

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aboldcityac.com&as_qdr=m

Website content indexed by Google in the last 6 months

https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Aboldcityac.com&as_qdr=m6

Analyze website traffic

https://app.neilpatel.com/en/traffic_analyzer/overview?domain=boldcityac.com

Analyze mobile friendliness

https://search.google.com/test/mobile-friendly?url=https%3A%2F%2Fboldcityac.com%2F

Website audit links

Google Page Speed score

https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fboldcityac.com%2F

Domain name lookup

https://whois.domaintools.com/boldcityac.com

Technology used on website

https://builtwith.com/boldcityac.com

Website schema(Structured data) analyzer

https://search.google.com/test/rich-results?url=https%3A%2F%2Fboldcityac.com%2F

Website audit

https://app.neilpatel.com/en/seo_analyzer/site_audit?domain=boldcityac.com

Website history

https://web.archive.org/web/*/boldcityac.com

Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Air Con". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
2. ^ Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A. University Microfilms. 2005. p. 3600.
3. ^ 1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. ASHRAE. 1993. ISBN 978-0-910110-97-6.
4. ^ Enteria, Napoleon; Sawachi, Takao; Saito, Kiyoshi (January 31, 2023). Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems: Advances and Applications of VRF. Springer Nature. p. 46. ISBN 978-981-19-6833-4.
5. ^ Agencies, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Dept of the Interior and Related (1988). Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989: Testimony of public witnesses, energy programs, Institute of Museum Services, National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 629.
6. ^ "Earth Tubes: Providing the freshest possible air to your building". Earth Rangers Centre for Sustainable Technology Showcase. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
7. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Barreca, Alan; Clay, Karen; Deschenes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael; Shapiro, Joseph S. (February 2016). "Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the US Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the Twentieth Century". Journal of Political Economy. 124 (1): 105–159. doi:10.1086/684582.
8. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j} International Energy Agency (May 15, 2018). The Future of Cooling - Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
9. ^ Laub, Julian M. (1963). Air Conditioning & Heating Practice. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-03-011225-6.
10. ^ "Air-conditioning found at 'oldest city in the world'". The Independent. June 24, 2000. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
11. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Mohamed, Mady A.A. (January 2010). Lehmann, S.; Waer, H.A.; Al-Qawasmi, J. (eds.). Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt. The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010). Amman, Jordan: The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press). pp. 247–266. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
12. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Ford, Brian (September 2001). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice". Architectural Research Quarterly. 5 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1017/S1359135501001312.
13. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Attia, Shady; Herde, André de (June 22–24, 2009). Designing the Malqaf for Summer Cooling in Low-Rise Housing, an Experimental Study. 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA2009). Quebec City. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021 – via ResearchGate.
14. ^ "Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools". US EPA. October 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
15. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Shachtman, Tom (1999). "Winter in Summer". Absolute zero and the conquest of cold. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0395938881. OCLC 421754998. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
16. ^ Porta, Giambattista Della (1584). Magiae naturalis (PDF). London. LCCN 09023451. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021. In our method I shall observe what our ancestors have said; then I shall show by my own experience, whether they be true or false
17. ^ Beck, Leonard D. (October 1974). "Things Magical in the collections of the Rare Book and Special Collections Division" (PDF). Library of Congress Quarterly Journal. 31: 208–234. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
18. ^ Laszlo, Pierre (2001). Salt: Grain of Life. Columbia University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0231121989. OCLC 785781471. Cornelius Drebbel air conditioning.
19. ^ Franklin, Benjamin (June 17, 1758). "The Montgomery Family: An historical and photographic perspective". Letter to John Lining. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
20. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d} Green, Amanda (January 1, 2015). "The Cool History of the Air Conditioner". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
21. ^ "John Gorrie". Encyclopædia Britannica. September 29, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
22. ^ Gorrie, John "Improved process for the artificial production of ice" U.S. Patent no. 8080 (Issued: May 6, 1851).
23. ^ Wright, E. Lynne (2009). It Happened in Florida: Remarkable Events That Shaped History. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-0762761692.
24. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Bruce-Wallace, L. G. (1966). "Harrison, James (1816–1893)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 1. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
25. ^ Palermo, Elizabeth (May 1, 2014). "Who Invented Air Conditioning?". livescience.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
26. ^ Varrasi, John (June 6, 2011). "Global Cooling: The History of Air Conditioning". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
27. ^ Simha, R. V. (February 2012). "Willis H Carrier". Resonance. 17 (2): 117–138. doi:10.1007/s12045-012-0014-y. ISSN 0971-8044. S2CID 116582893.
28. ^ Gulledge III, Charles; Knight, Dennis (February 11, 2016). "Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, And Refrigerating Engineering". National Institute of Building Sciences. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021. Though he did not actually invent air-conditioning nor did he take the first documented scientific approach to applying it, Willis Carrier is credited with integrating the scientific method, engineering, and business of this developing technology and creating the industry we know today as air-conditioning.
29. ^ "Willis Carrier – 1876–1902". Carrier Global. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
30. ^ "Carrier Reports First Quarter 2020 Earnings". Carrier Global (Press release). May 8, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
31. ^ "Carrier Becomes Independent, Publicly Traded Company, Begins Trading on New York Stock Exchange". Carrier Global (Press release). April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
32. ^ Cramer, Stuart W. "Humidifying and air conditioning apparatus" U.S. Patent no. 852,823 (filed: April 18, 1906; issued: May 7, 1907).
    • See also: Cramer, Stuart W. (1906) "Recent development in air conditioning" in: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of the American Cotton Manufacturers Association Held at Asheville, North Carolina May 16–17, 1906. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA: Queen City Publishing Co. pp. 182-211.
33. ^ US patent US808897A, Carrier, Willis H., "Apparatus for treating air", published January 2, 1906, issued January 2, 1906 and Buffalo Forge Company"No. 808,897 Patented Jan. 2, 1906: H. W. Carrier: Apparatus for Treating Air" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
34. ^ "First Air-Conditioned Auto". Popular Science. Vol. 123, no. 5. November 1933. p. 30. ISSN 0161-7370. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
35. ^ "Room-size air conditioner fits under window sill". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 63, no. 6. June 1935. p. 885. ISSN 0032-4558. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
36. ^ "Michigan Fast Facts and Trivia". 50states.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
37. ^ US patent US2433960A, Sherman, Robert S., "Air conditioning apparatus", published January 6, 1948, issued January 6, 1948
38. ^ "IEEE milestones (39) Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980–1981" (PDF). March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
39. ^ "Inverter Air Conditioners, 1980–1981 IEEE Milestone Celebration Ceremony" (PDF). March 16, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
40. ^ Seale, Avrel (August 7, 2023). "Texas alumnus and his alma mater central to air-conditioned homes". UT News. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
41. ^ "Air Conditioned Village". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
42. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Davis, Lucas; Gertler, Paul; Jarvis, Stephen; Wolfram, Catherine (July 2021). "Air conditioning and global inequality". Global Environmental Change. 69: 102299. Bibcode:2021GEC....6902299D. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102299.
43. ^ Pierre-Louis, Kendra (May 15, 2018). "The World Wants Air-Conditioning. That Could Warm the World". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
44. ^ Carroll, Rory (October 26, 2015). "How America became addicted to air conditioning". The Guardian. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
45. ^ Lester, Paul (July 20, 2015). "History of Air Conditioning". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
46. ^ Cornish, Cheryl; Cooper, Stephen; Jenkins, Salima. Characteristics of New Housing (Report). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
47. ^ "Central Air Conditioning Buying Guide". Consumer Reports. March 3, 2021. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
48. ^ Petchers, Neil (2003). Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook: Technologies & Applications : an Integrated Approach to Energy Resource Optimization. The Fairmont Press. p. 737. ISBN 978-0-88173-433-1.
49. ^ Krarti, Moncef (December 1, 2020). Energy Audit of Building Systems: An Engineering Approach, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 370. ISBN 978-1-000-25967-4.
50. ^ "What is a Reversing Valve". Samsung India. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
51. ^ "Humidity and Comfort" (PDF). DriSteem. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
52. ^ Perryman, Oliver (April 19, 2021). "Dehumidifier vs Air Conditioning". Dehumidifier Critic. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
53. ^ Snijders, Aart L. (July 30, 2008). "Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) Technology Development and Major Applications in Europe" (PDF). Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Arnhem: IFTech International. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
54. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} "Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pump" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Commerce, Division of Energy Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
55. ^ "Even in Frigid Temperatures, Air-Source Heat Pumps Keep Homes Warm From Alaska Coast to U.S. Mass Market". nrel.gov. Archived from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
56. ^ "Heat Pumps: A Practical Solution for Cold Climates". RMI. December 10, 2020. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
57. ^ "TEM Instruction Sheet" (PDF). TE Technology. March 14, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
58. ^ "Coefficient of Performance (COP) heat pumps". Grundfos. November 18, 2020. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
59. ^ "Unpotted HP-199-1.4-0.8 at a hot-side temperature of 25 °C" (PDF). TE Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
60. ^ Newell, David B.; Tiesinga, Eite, eds. (August 2019). The International System of Units (SI) (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.330-2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
61. ^ ANSI/AHRI 210/240-2008: 2008 Standard for Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning & Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment (PDF). Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute. 2012. Archived from the original on March 29, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
62. ^ Baraniuk, Chris. "Cutting-Edge Technology Could Massively Reduce the Amount of Energy Used for Air Conditioning". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
63. ^ "M-Series Contractor Guide" (PDF). Mitsubishipro.com. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
64. ^ "エアコンの歴史とヒミツ | 調べよう家電と省エネ | キッズ版 省エネ家電 de スマートライフ（一般財団法人 家電製品協会） 学ぼう！スマートライフ". shouene-kaden.net. Archived from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
65. ^ "Air conditioner | History". Toshiba Carrier. April 2016. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
66. ^ "1920s–1970s | History". Mitsubishi Electric. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
67. ^ Wagner, Gerry (November 30, 2021). "The Duct Free Zone: History of the Mini Split". HPAC Magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
68. ^ "History of Daikin Innovation". Daikin. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
69. ^ Feit, Justin (December 20, 2017). "The Emergence of VRF as a Viable HVAC Option". buildings.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
70. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} "Central Air Conditioning". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
71. ^ Kreith, Frank; Wang, Shan K.; Norton, Paul (April 20, 2018). Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-46783-4.
72. ^ Wang, Shan K. (November 7, 2000). Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-068167-5.
73. ^ Hleborodova, Veronika (August 14, 2018). "Portable Vs Split System Air Conditioning | Pros & Cons". Canstar Blue. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
74. ^ Kamins, Toni L. (July 15, 2013). "Through-the-Wall Versus PTAC Air Conditioners: A Guide for New Yorkers". Brick Underground. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
75. ^ "Self-Contained Air Conditioning Systems". Daikin Applied Americas. 2015. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
76. ^ "LSWU/LSWD Vertical Water-Cooled Self-Contained Unit Engineering Guide" (PDF). Johnson Controls. April 6, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
77. ^ "Packaged Rooftop Unit" (PDF). Carrier Global. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
78. ^ "Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners" (PDF). Trane Technologies. November 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
79. ^ "What is Packaged Air Conditioner? Types of Packged Air Condtioners". Bright Hub Engineering. January 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
80. ^ Evans, Paul (November 11, 2018). "RTU Rooftop Units explained". The Engineering Mindset. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
81. ^ "water-cooled – Johnson Supply". studylib.net. 2000. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
82. ^ "Water Cooled Packaged Air Conditioners" (PDF). Japan: Daikin. May 2, 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
83. ^ "Water Cooled Packaged Unit" (PDF). Daikin. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
84. ^ Lun, Y. H. Venus; Tung, S. L. Dennis (November 13, 2019). Heat Pumps for Sustainable Heating and Cooling. Springer Nature. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-030-31387-6.
85. ^ Ghanbariannaeeni, Ali; Ghazanfarihashemi, Ghazalehsadat (June 2012). "Bypass Method For Recip Compressor Capacity Control". Pipeline and Gas Journal. 239 (6). Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
86. ^ "Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia)". Harvard Health. January 2, 2019. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
87. ^ "Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics". National Weather Service. 2021. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
88. ^ "Extreme Weather: A Guide to Surviving Flash Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Heat Waves, Snowstorms Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters". Reference Reviews. 26 (8): 41. October 19, 2012. doi:10.1108/09504121211278322. ISSN 0950-4125. Archived from the original on January 21, 2024. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
89. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Gamarro, Harold; Ortiz, Luis; González, Jorge E. (August 1, 2020). "Adapting to Extreme Heat: Social, Atmospheric, and Infrastructure Impacts of Air-Conditioning in Megacities—The Case of New York City". Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities. 1 (3). doi:10.1115/1.4048175. ISSN 2642-6641. S2CID 222121944.
90. ^ Spiegelman, Jay; Friedman, Herman; Blumstein, George I. (September 1, 1963). "The effects of central air conditioning on pollen, mold, and bacterial concentrations". Journal of Allergy. 34 (5): 426–431. doi:10.1016/0021-8707(63)90007-8. ISSN 0021-8707. PMID 14066385.
91. ^ Portnoy, Jay M.; Jara, David (February 1, 2015). "Mold allergy revisited". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 114 (2): 83–89. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2014.10.004. ISSN 1081-1206. PMID 25624128.
92. ^ "Subpart 4-1 – Cooling Towers". New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. June 7, 2016. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
93. ^ Nordhaus, William D. (February 10, 2010). "Geography and macroeconomics: New data and new findings". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (10): 3510–3517. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509842103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1363683. PMID 16473945.
94. ^ Barreca, Alan; Deschenes, Olivier; Guldi, Melanie (2018). "Maybe next month? Temperature shocks and dynamic adjustments in birth rates". Demography. 55 (4): 1269–1293. doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0690-7. PMC 7457515. PMID 29968058.
95. ^ Glaeser, Edward L.; Tobio, Kristina (January 2008). "The Rise of the Sunbelt". Southern Economic Journal. 74 (3): 609–643. doi:10.1002/j.2325-8012.2008.tb00856.x.
96. ^ Sherman, Peter; Lin, Haiyang; McElroy, Michael (2018). "Projected global demand for air conditioning associated with extreme heat and implications for electricity grids in poorer countries". Energy and Buildings. 268: 112198. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112198. ISSN 0378-7788. S2CID 248979815.
97. ^ Air Filters Used in Air Conditioning and General Ventilation Part 1: Methods of Test for Atmospheric Dust Spot Efficiency and Synthetic Dust Weight Arrestance (Withdrawn Standard). British Standards Institution. March 29, 1985. BS 6540-1:1985.
98. ^ Mutschler, Robin; Rüdisüli, Martin; Heer, Philipp; Eggimann, Sven (April 15, 2021). "Benchmarking cooling and heating energy demands considering climate change, population growth and cooling device uptake". Applied Energy. 288: 116636. Bibcode:2021ApEn..28816636M. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116636. ISSN 0306-2619.
99. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} "Climate-friendly cooling could cut years of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and save US$ trillions: UN". Climate Change and Law Collection. doi:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2020-0252-0973.
100. ^ Gerretsen, Isabelle (December 8, 2020). "How your fridge is heating up the planet". BBC Future. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
101. ^ Encyclopedia of Energy: Ph-S. Elsevier. 2004. ISBN 978-0121764821.
102. ^ Corberan, J.M. (2016). "New trends and developments in ground-source heat pumps". Advances in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems. pp. 359–385. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100311-4.00013-3. ISBN 978-0-08-100311-4.
103. ^ Roselli, Carlo; Sasso, Maurizio (2021). Geothermal Energy Utilization and Technologies 2020. MDPI. ISBN 978-3036507040.
104. ^ "Cooling Emissions and Policy Synthesis Report: Benefits of cooling efficiency and the Kigali Amendment, United Nations Environment Programme - International Energy Agency, 2020" (PDF).
105. ^ Harlan, Sharon L.; Declet-Barreto, Juan H.; Stefanov, William L.; Petitti, Diana B. (February 2013). "Neighborhood Effects on Heat Deaths: Social and Environmental Predictors of Vulnerability in Maricopa County, Arizona". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (2): 197–204. Bibcode:2013EnvHP.121..197H. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104625. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 3569676. PMID 23164621.
106. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Chan, Emily Ying Yang; Goggins, William B; Kim, Jacqueline Jakyoung; Griffiths, Sian M (April 2012). "A study of intracity variation of temperature-related mortality and socioeconomic status among the Chinese population in Hong Kong". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 66 (4): 322–327. doi:10.1136/jech.2008.085167. ISSN 0143-005X. PMC 3292716. PMID 20974839.
107. ^ Ng, Chris Fook Sheng; Ueda, Kayo; Takeuchi, Ayano; Nitta, Hiroshi; Konishi, Shoko; Bagrowicz, Rinako; Watanabe, Chiho; Takami, Akinori (2014). "Sociogeographic Variation in the Effects of Heat and Cold on Daily Mortality in Japan". Journal of Epidemiology. 24 (1): 15–24. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20130051. PMC 3872520. PMID 24317342.
108. ^ Stafoggia, Massimo; Forastiere, Francesco; Agostini, Daniele; Biggeri, Annibale; Bisanti, Luigi; Cadum, Ennio; Caranci, Nicola; de'Donato, Francesca; De Lisio, Sara; De Maria, Moreno; Michelozzi, Paola; Miglio, Rossella; Pandolfi, Paolo; Picciotto, Sally; Rognoni, Magda (2006). "Vulnerability to Heat-Related Mortality: A Multicity, Population-Based, Case-Crossover Analysis". Epidemiology. 17 (3): 315–323. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000208477.36665.34. ISSN 1044-3983. JSTOR 20486220. PMID 16570026. S2CID 20283342.
109. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d} Gronlund, Carina J. (September 2014). "Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Heat-Related Health Effects and Their Mechanisms: a Review". Current Epidemiology Reports. 1 (3): 165–173. doi:10.1007/s40471-014-0014-4. PMC 4264980. PMID 25512891.
110. ^ O'Neill, M. S. (May 11, 2005). "Disparities by Race in Heat-Related Mortality in Four US Cities: The Role of Air Conditioning Prevalence". Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 82 (2): 191–197. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti043. PMC 3456567. PMID 15888640.
111. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Sampson, Natalie R.; Gronlund, Carina J.; Buxton, Miatta A.; Catalano, Linda; White-Newsome, Jalonne L.; Conlon, Kathryn C.; O’Neill, Marie S.; McCormick, Sabrina; Parker, Edith A. (April 1, 2013). "Staying cool in a changing climate: Reaching vulnerable populations during heat events". Global Environmental Change. 23 (2): 475–484. Bibcode:2013GEC....23..475S. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.011. ISSN 0959-3780. PMC 5784212. PMID 29375195.
112. ^ Niktash, Amirreza; Huynh, B. Phuoc (July 2–4, 2014). Simulation and Analysis of Ventilation Flow Through a Room Caused by a Two-sided Windcatcher Using a LES Method (PDF). World Congress on Engineering. Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science. Vol. 2. London. eISSN 2078-0966. ISBN 978-9881925350. ISSN 2078-0958. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
113. ^ Zhang, Chen; Kazanci, Ongun Berk; Levinson, Ronnen; Heiselberg, Per; Olesen, Bjarne W.; Chiesa, Giacomo; Sodagar, Behzad; Ai, Zhengtao; Selkowitz, Stephen; Zinzi, Michele; Mahdavi, Ardeshir (November 15, 2021). "Resilient cooling strategies – A critical review and qualitative assessment". Energy and Buildings. 251: 111312. Bibcode:2021EneBu.25111312Z. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111312. hdl:2117/363031. ISSN 0378-7788.
114. ^ Linden, P. F. (1999). "The Fluid Mechanics of Natural Ventilation". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 31: 201–238. Bibcode:1999AnRFM..31..201L. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.31.1.201.
115. ^ Santamouris, M.; Asimakoupolos, D. (1996). Passive cooling of buildings (1st ed.). London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 978-1-873936-47-4.
116. ^ Leo Samuel, D.G.; Shiva Nagendra, S.M.; Maiya, M.P. (August 2013). "Passive alternatives to mechanical air conditioning of building: A review". Building and Environment. 66: 54–64. Bibcode:2013BuEnv..66...54S. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.04.016.
117. ^ M.j, Limb (January 1, 1998). "BIB 08: An Annotated Bibliography: Passive Cooling Technology for Office Buildings in Hot Dry and Temperate Climates".
118. ^ Niles, Philip; Kenneth, Haggard (1980). Passive Solar Handbook. California Energy Resources Conservation. ASIN B001UYRTMM.
119. ^ "Cooling: The hidden threat for climate change and sustainable goals". phys.org. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
120. ^ Ford, Brian (September 2001). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling: principles and practice". Arq: Architectural Research Quarterly. 5 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1017/S1359135501001312. ISSN 1474-0516. S2CID 110209529.
121. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications". EcoMat. 4. doi:10.1002/eom2.12153. S2CID 240331557. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming.
122. ^ Raman, Aaswath P.; Anoma, Marc Abou; Zhu, Linxiao; Rephaeli, Eden; Fan, Shanhui (November 2014). "Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight". Nature. 515 (7528): 540–544. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..540R. doi:10.1038/nature13883. PMID 25428501.
123. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Bijarniya, Jay Prakash; Sarkar, Jahar; Maiti, Pralay (November 2020). "Review on passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, recent researches, challenges and opportunities". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 133: 110263. Bibcode:2020RSERv.13310263B. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110263. S2CID 224874019.
124. ^ Mokhtari, Reza; Ulpiani, Giulia; Ghasempour, Roghayeh (July 2022). "The Cooling Station: Combining hydronic radiant cooling and daytime radiative cooling for urban shelters". Applied Thermal Engineering. 211: 118493. Bibcode:2022AppTE.21118493M. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118493.
125. ^ Yang, Yuan; Zhang, Yifan (July 2020). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Principle, application, and economic analysis". MRS Energy & Sustainability. 7 (1). doi:10.1557/mre.2020.18.
126. ^ Miranda, Nicole D.; Renaldi, Renaldi; Khosla, Radhika; McCulloch, Malcolm D. (October 2021). "Bibliometric analysis and landscape of actors in passive cooling research". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 149: 111406. Bibcode:2021RSERv.14911406M. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111406.
127. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (1991). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521058032. OCLC 468144152.
128. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2002). Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities (2nd ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1931956024. OCLC 961899663. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
129. ^ Nagengast, Bernard (February 1999). "Comfort from a Block of Ice: A History of Comfort Cooling Using Ice" (PDF). ASHRAE Journal. 41 (2): 49. ISSN 0001-2491. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
130. ^ Bahadori, Mehdi N. (February 1978). "Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture". Scientific American. 238 (2): 144–154. Bibcode:1978SciAm.238b.144B. doi:10.1038/SCIENTIFICAMERICAN0278-144.
131. ^ Smith, Shane (2000). Greenhouse Gardener's Companion: Growing Food and Flowers in Your Greenhouse Or Sunspace. Illustrated by Marjorie C. Leggitt (illustrated, revised ed.). Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 978-1555914509. OCLC 905564174. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2020.

Aircon Fix